xiv Unified Brake Controls . . . . . . . . . . 370 Linked Braking System (LBS) . . . . 371 Anti-Lock Braking Systems (ABS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 ABS Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372 Fail Safe Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 ABS Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .375 Troubleshooting Motorcycle Brake Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 Mechanical Drum Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . 376 Hydraulic Disc Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377 ABS System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378 Chapter 18 Frame, Chassis, and Suspension Systems. . . . 381 Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Frame Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .383 Frame Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386 Front Suspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 Telescopic Front Suspension . . . . . . . . .386 Pivoting Link Front Suspension . . . . . . .391 Steering Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .393 Steering Damper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .394 Servicing Front Suspension Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .394 Rear Suspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 Swingarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398 Shock Dampers (Shock Absorbers) . . . .399 Suspension Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 Suspension Inspection . . . . . . . . . . 401 Front Suspension Inspection Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401 Rear Suspension Inspection . . . . . . . . .402 ATV and UTV Four-Wheel Alignment . . . . . . . . 402 Side Stand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Troubleshooting Frame and Suspensions Systems . . . . . . . . . . 404 Frame Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404 Front Suspension Problems. . . . . . . . . .404 Rear Suspension Problems . . . . . . . . . .406 Chapter 19 Power Transmission Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 Primary Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 Primary Gear Drive Systems . . . . . . . . . 412 Primary Chain Drive Systems . . . . . . . . 413 Clutches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Multi-Plate Clutch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 Clutch Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 One-Way Clutch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 Centrifugal Clutch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Dual Clutch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Manual Transmissions . . . . . . . . . . 419 Transmission Shafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Multi-Speed Transmission . . . . . . . . . . .420 Gear Selectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421 Transmission Indexer . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423 Shift Stopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .424 Transmission Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .425 Automatic Transmissions . . . . . . . 426 Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT). . . . . . . . . . . . . .427 Final Drive Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 Chain Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .428 Belt Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .430 Shaft Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .431 Final Drive Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .432 Overall Gear Ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .433