Chapter 15 Wetlands 359 Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Roles of Wetlands Although most wetlands perform many of the same functions, the type of wetland, its unique composition, and its location will determine its pri- mary roles in the local area. Roles that wetlands play include the following: • Habitat for plants and animals, Figure 15-2 • Water fi ltration, storage, and quality maintenance • Floodwater and storm water control • Erosion reduction and carbon sink • Locations for hunting and recreational activities • Food source for wildlife and humans Habitat Nearly 50% of the plants and animals on the endangered species list rely wholly or partly on wetlands for their survival needs. Wetlands are home to many animal species, but they are also very important locations for migratory animals, such as birds that use wetlands temporarily for resting, nesting, and feeding. Many fi sh and other aquatic species also use wet- lands as breeding grounds. The location and type of wetland will determine the types of plants and animals that can thrive in an area. Water Filtration Wetlands are important water fi ltration areas. Earth’s soil and its many layers serve as a natural fi lter for water as it infi l- trates the ground. The water in wetlands moves very slowly through the area and into the ground where sediments, pol- lutants, and contaminants are fi ltered and prevented from entering surface and groundwater. Many wetland plants and microorganisms are able to absorb contaminants and break them down into less harmful substances. The water fl owing out of a wetland may have a higher quality than water fl ow- ing in. Water Storage Wetlands are like sponges and hold tremendous amounts of water. In fact, one acre of wetlands can store between one and 1.5 million gallons of water. This capacity to hold water often helps prevent fl ooding or reduces the damage caused by fl ooding. The stored water also serves as a steady source for groundwater replenishment and for feeding into local waterways. Wetlands are found on every continent except Antarctica. Did You Know? Gerald A. DeBoer/Shutterstock.com Figure 15-2. Many young fish hide among the base and roots of plants, such as cattails, for protection. Birds, such as snowy egrets, rely on plants in wetlands for food and for camouflage. doolmsch/Shutterstock.com