xxi Self-Hack Tools ....................................................... 483 Protocol Analyzer ..................................................... 483 Packet Sniffer .......................................................... 483 System Backups ...................................................... 484 Policies .................................................................. 485 Data Security Compliance Requirements .......... 485 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act .............................................. 486 Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard ..................................................... 486 CHAPTER 16 Maintaining the Network ........................................... 494 Monitoring the Server and Network .................... 495 Documentation and Diagrams .................................... 496 Establishing a Baseline ............................................. 496 Monitoring Tools ..................................................... 500 Maintaining System Software .............................. 504 Patches .................................................................. 504 Service Packs .......................................................... 505 Upgrades ................................................................ 505 Software Installations ................................................ 506 General Reviewing .................................................... 508 Maintaining System Hardware ............................ 508 Scheduling Downtime ............................................... 508 Virtual LANs ............................................................ 509 Maintaining System Integrity ............................... 510 Fault-Tolerant RAID Systems ...................................... 510 Backup Data Methods ............................................... 511 Hot and Cold Spares ................................................. 513 Hot, Cold, and Warm Sites ......................................... 514 Important Concepts .................................................. 515 Maintaining Stable Electrical Power .................. 515 Electrical Surges and Spikes ...................................... 515 Brownouts and Blackouts .......................................... 516 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) ........................... 517 Isolation Transformers .............................................. 520 Generators .............................................................. 520 CHAPTER 17 Fundamentals of Troubleshooting a Network .....................................526 CompTIA Network+ Troubleshooting Methodology ............................. 527 1. Identify the Problem .............................................. 527 2. Establish a Theory of Probable Cause ...................... 530 3. Test the Theory to Determine the Cause .................... 531 4. Establish a Plan of Action to Resolve the Problem and Identify Potential Effects ...................................... 531 5. Implement the Solution or Escalate If Necessary ............................................. 532 6. Verify Full System Functionality and, If Applicable, Implement Preventive Measures ................................. 533 7. Document Findings, Actions, and Outcomes ......................................................... 533 Stages of Computer Operation ............................. 534 During the POST ...................................................... 534 Loading and Initializing the Operating System ................................................ 534 After a Successful Logon ........................................... 535 Detailed Computer Startup Process .................... 535 1. Power-On Self-Test (POST) .................................... 536 2. Initial Startup ....................................................... 537 3. Boot Loader Phase ................................................ 537 4. Detect and Configure Hardware ............................... 538 5. Windows Boot Manager (Windows Vista and Later) ......................................... 538 6. Kernel Loading Phase ............................................ 538 7. Logon Phase ........................................................ 539 Windows-Based Troubleshooting Tools .............. 539 Safe Mode .............................................................. 539 System Restore ........................................................ 541 Last Known Good Configuration ................................. 542 Emergency Repair Disk ............................................. 542 Recovery Console .................................................... 542 Roll Back Driver ....................................................... 543 System Configuration ............................................... 544 System Recovery Strategies and Methods ........ 545 Windows Installation Disc ......................................... 546 Windows Backup and Restore .................................... 547 OEM and Repair Shop Disk Image .............................. 547 Troubleshooting Dual-Boot Systems ................... 548 Server Data Integrity and Performance ................................................... 549 Troubleshooting the Network Infrastructure .................................... 550 Windows Network Diagnostic Utility ............................ 550 Network and Sharing Center ...................................... 552 Network Cable Tester ................................................ 554