Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Chapter 1 An Introduction to Human Services 9 infants and youth who did not have families to care for them. The Social Work fi eld expanded. Many charitable organizations, including places of worship, stepped up to care for those in need. Mary Richmond began the Charitable Organization Society (COS). This society offered care for the needy. Jane Addams founded the US Settlement House Movement. This movement led the crusade toward not just providing charity, but also looking at the causes of poverty and initiating change. At the same time, the modern fi eld of psychology developed. This resulted in a greater understanding of the concept that people could be helped in ways beyond just meeting the basic needs of food, clothing, and shelter. As culture ideologies began to change, world events continued. World War I, and later the Great Depression of the 1930s, resulted in many Americans being displaced, disabled, unemployed, homeless, or widowed without fi nancial support. This led President Franklin D. Roosevelt to initiate the New Deal. The New Deal focused on offering relief for those in need and recovery from the current crisis. It also focused on reforming systems so an economic depression such as was currently being felt would not be experienced again. Around this time, the US government passed the Social Security Act of 1935. This act provided for the retired elderly and widows and dependent children of deceased workers. It eventually included those with special needs. Other government programs provided employment for youth and assistance to those with special needs (such as blindness). Hospitals specializing in mental health care were also formed. World War II followed the Great Depression. Economic recovery eventually came from manufacturing. Postwar life in the US made the American Dream of fi nancial independence real for many families. The ideological changes of the early part of the century, however, had changed the way many Americans viewed poverty and needs within their communities. Ideas shifted from care being a responsibility of the family and places of worship to being a responsibility of the government and private or corporate service providers. As a result, career opportunities in the human services fi eld expanded at a rapid pace. During the latter part of the twentieth century and into the present time, government within the US continued to expand services. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is part of the federal government that administers and oversees programs and services concerning health and welfare. Programs such as Head Start and the Family and Medical Leave Act are just a couple of the services that have resulted from the HHS. Head Start is a government-funded preschool program that focuses on preparing disadvantaged children for school. The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) allows full-time employees to take unpaid job-protected leave for family transitions involving close family members, such as spouses, children, and parents. Expert Insight “Social advance depends as much upon the process through which it is secured as upon the result itself.” Jane Addams, pioneer social worker