Go to www.g-wlearning.com/floraldesign/0493 vocabulary activities using key terms the 85 Plant Structures and Functions objectives After reading this chapter, you will be able to: • Explain the system used to classify plants. • Understand how the binomial plant naming system works. • Describe the anatomy of fl owers and leaves. • Summarize plant physiology. • Discuss proper growing conditions for plants. key terms annual anther biennial binomial nomenclature blade calyx cambium carpel chlorophyll complete fl ower corolla domain family fi lament 4 Chapter fl oret genera genus incomplete fl ower infl orescence internode kingdom leaf base margin meristem node pedicel perennial petall petiole phloem photosynthesis pistil plant anatomy plant morphology plant physiology propagate receptacle respiration rhizome root hair rooting hormone powder sepal species stamen stigma stipules stomata style taxonomy transpiration vascular bundle vegetative reproduction venation o www.g-wlearning.com/floraldesign/0493 vocabulary ng y ter ffrom chachapter. 85 pere p ing der xylxylem Essential Question How does knowledge of plant anatomy improve a floral designer’s work? introductioneoonlinerfor In fl oral design, we have the opportunity to work with living, growing, and changing materials. The of development from a bud to a fully open fl ower help determine how use a particular type of fl ower. For instance, a gladiolus bud with its fl orets barely open is a slender and linear design material. As each fl ower along the stem begins to develop and open, it changes to a dense and visually heavy material. Other fl owers, such as lilies, change shape from a bud to a fully open fl ower. The bud is slender and takes up less space within a design, while the fully open fl ower demands attention and adds visual weight or bulk to an arrangement. The bud and the fully open blossom play different roles in their applications within a design, Figure 4-1. All to know the characteristics of the items they use to create designs. Sculptors, for example, often work with metal, clay, wood, or glass. They know how to use the natural qualities of their materials to achieve a desired effect in their designs. The same applies to fl oral designers. They must understand the characteristics of the fl owers, leaves, and stems of the plants they use. Younger branching materials, such as young willow branches, can be bent very easily. They can be used to create curved lines, or bent over the top of a focal area to create a sheltering effect. Older, more mature stems are not as fl exible and cannot be used in this manner. The fl oral designer determines which material works best for the situation and desired effect. A designer who completely understands the materials can use them to their fullest potential. To begin this process of understanding, you must fi rst identify the basic qualities of each fl oral material. Does it have color? If so, how can the color be used in the design? Does the fl ower have large or small petals? Are they round or lobed? Do they have smooth or spiny edges? Which type will work best? See Figure 4-2. The study of the physical form and external structure of plant material is called plant morphology . It deals with the exterior appearance of a plant. It is different from plant an atomy , which is the internal structure of plants. A thorough knowledge of plant morphology and plant anatomy gives designers insight into each plant’s overall characteristics. In turn, this provides a designer with the foundation to choose materials for both form and function, maximizing the aesthetic appeal of an arrangement while providing for the best longevity possible. Did You Know? The name gladiolus is derived from the Latin word gladius, meaning sword, for the shape of its leaves. The gladiolus was also used to represent the Roman gladiators. 86 Principles of Floral Design Flower Studio/Shutterstock.com Figure 4-1. Varying stages of fl ower development are on stem of a lily. Each stage in the life cycle has an appropriate design application. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objectives clearly identify the knowledge and skills to be obtained when the chapter is completed Key Terms list the vocabulary to be learned in the chapter Essential Questions at the opening of each chapter stimulate thought and provoke thoughtful student answers and questions Did You Know? features point out interesting and helpful facts about the floral industry Guided Tour