Micromanagement is the opposite of delegation. Micromanagement is a management style that occurs when a manager closely controls or monitors the work of his or her employees. Some managers do not want to give their employees authority to make decisions. They prefer to be hands-on in all the activities that happen within the department. However, micromanagement is not an effective technique. LO 1.1-2 LO 1.1- 2 Functions of Management Effective managers do not carry out their duties randomly, nor do they make impulsive decisions. Instead, they master the five basic functions of management: planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling, as shown in Figure 1-2. • Planning is the process of setting goals and objectives and deciding how to accomplish them. Managers set goals then develop strategies to achieve them. A plan is an outline of the actions needed to accomplish a goal. • Organizing is the coordination of activities and resources needed to accomplish a plan. The organizing function asks, “what will be done, who will do it, and when?” • Staffing is the process of recruiting, hiring, training, evaluating, and compensating employees. An organization is only as good as the people who operate it. • Leading is the process of influencing others to work toward the attainment of common goals. To accomplish goals, managers need to do more than just plan, organize, and staff. They must also lead. • Controlling is the continuous process of comparing actual outcomes with planned outcomes and taking corrective action when goals are not met. It involves setting standards, measuring performances against the standards, and making the changes needed to keep performances in line with standards. Effective management requires a continuous application of all five management functions. Applying a single function, no matter how well, will not lead to organizational success. For example, planning is of little value unless someone organizes, staffs, leads, and controls the process. Without all the functions applied, it is unlikely that a plan will meet its goals. LO 1.1-3 LO 1.1- 3 Levels of Management Most organizations have various levels of management. These levels are the management pyramid, which includes senior management, middle management, and supervisory management, as illustrated in Figure 1-3. In most organizations, the largest number of managers is in the supervisory management level, with fewer in middle management, and the fewest in senior management. When ranked, this order resembles a pyramid. Senior Management Senior management, also called top management, is the highest level of management in an organization. Examples of senior-management titles are chief executive officer (CEO), board chairperson, and vice president. An example of a senior manager is CEO Mark Parker at Nike. Functions of Management Planning Organizing Staffing Leading Controlling • Identify mission • Create goals and objectives • Strategize • Make decisions • Design • Coordinate • Form structure • Utilize resources • Recruit • Hire • Train • Evaluate • Compensate • Lead • Team build • Communicate • Motivate • Analyze • Evaluate • Measure • Adjust Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Figure 1-2 There are five basic functions of management. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Principles of Management 8