xv Unit 11 Structural Prints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Above-Grade Structural Construction . . 190 Concrete Construction and Types . . . . . 190 Reinforced Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Precast Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Prestressed Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Structural Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Activity 11-1: Structural Drawings for a Commercial Building Project . . . 202 Unit 12 Residential Framing Prints . . . . . . . . 205 Wood Framing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Metal Framing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Exterior/Interior Finish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Activity 12-1: Framing Plans for a Residential Building Project . . . . 224 Activity 12-2: Framing Plans for a Residential Building Project . . . . 225 Activity 12-3: Framing Details and Elevation Drawings for a Residential Building Project . . . . 227 Unit 13 Plumbing Prints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Water Distribution System . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Sewage Disposal System . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Gas and Fuel Oil Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Plumbing Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Activity 13-1: Plumbing Plans for a Residential Building Project . . . . 238 Activity 13-2: Plumbing Plans for a Commercial Building Project . . . 239 Unit 14 HVAC Prints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 HVAC Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Heating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Cooling Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Air Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Activity 14-1: HVAC Plans for a Residential Building Project . . . . 248 Activity 14-2: HVAC Plans for a Commercial Building Project . . . 249 Unit 15 Electrical Prints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Electrical Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters . . . . . . 252 Arc Fault Circuit Interrupters . . . . . . . . . 252 Electrical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Electrical Prints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Electrical Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Low-Voltage Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Electrical Codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Types and Sizes of Conductors . . . . . . . 261 Conduit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Activity 15-1: Electrical Plans for a Residential Building Project . . . . 264 Activity 15-2: Electrical Plans for a Commercial Building Project . . . 266 Unit 16 Welding Prints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Welding Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Activity 16-1: Commercial Welding Prints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 SECTION 5 ESTIMATING Unit 17 Estimating Construction Costs . . . . . 279 Building Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Overhead and Profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Estimating Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Calculations Used in Construction Estimating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Estimating Software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Activity 17-1: Estimating Construction Costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291