Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Unit 12 Residential Framing Prints 213 • Rise. The rise is the vertical distance between the top plate and the ridge board. • Run. The run is the horizontal distance from the wall supporting the bottom of the rafter to the ridge board. • Slope. The slope of the roof is the relationship between the rise and run. The slope describes the vertical rise in inches per 12″ of horizontal ″ run. For example, a roof slope of 4:12 indicates that the increase in vertical height (rise) is 4″ for ″ every 12″ of horizontal distance (run). On section ″ and elevation drawings showing the roof of the structure, the roof slope is indicated with a slope symbol. See Figure 12-19. • Span. The distance between the walls supporting the rafters is the span. It is twice the length of the run. • Bird’s mouth. For the rafter to fit flush on the top plate, this cut must be made. The bird’s mouth consists of two cuts: the seat cut and the plumb cut. Figure 12-20 shows various types of rafters: • Common rafters. Common rafters run at right angles from the wall plate to the ridge. • Hip rafters. Rafters that extend from an outside corner of the building to the ridge board, usually at a 45° angle, are hip rafters. • Valley rafters. Valley rafters extend from an inside corner of a building to the ridge board, usually at a 45° angle. construction and ensure a correct fit. If rough opening sizes for doors and windows are not provided, the construction worker must calculate them. Sectional Views Sectional views of walls are drawn to a larger scale and included on the drawings to clarify construction details. The section location is identified on the plan view with a section cutting line and reference symbol. Full sections are cut through the width or length of a building, Figure 12-15. They are prepared for buildings with more complex frames, such as split-level houses or those with unusual interiors. These sectional views show features such as floors, walls, and ceilings as sections. Features beyond the cutting plane are shown as they appear in the interior of a building. Roof Framing Construction workers should be familiar with the different types of roof styles and how they are framed. Sketches of typical roof styles found in residential construction are shown in Figure 12-16. The style of the roof is most easily identified in elevation drawings. Some architects do not supply a roof framing drawing for the more common roofs, such as gables or flat roofs, but rely on the elevation and detail drawings to guide the construction workers and the truss fabricator. When the roof is more complicated, or when the architect desires to specify the manner of construction, a roof framing plan is prepared, Figure 12-17. Roof framing can become 7 7 very complicated and requires construction by skilled carpenters. Figure 12-18 illustrates some common terms used in roof framing: • Rafter. A rafter is one of a series of angled r beam members that support the roof. A rafter is normally a 2×6, 2×8, or 2×10 member. • Ridge board. A ridge board is the horizontal member at the peak of the roof. The upper end of each rafter is connected to the ridge board. • Collar beam. This horizontal member ties the rafters together. A collar beam makes the roof frame more stable. Door Schedule Mark Type Size Material Frame Remarks A B C D E 1 1 2 2 2 3'-0" × 7'-0" × 1¾" 3'-0" × 7'-0" × 1¾" 2'-8" × 7'-0" × 1¾" 3'-0" × 7'-0" × 1¾" 3'-0" × 7'-0" × 1¾" Hollow Metal Hollow Metal Hollow Metal Hollow Metal Hollow Metal Hollow Metal Hollow Metal Hollow Metal Hollow Metal Hollow Metal Closer and Threshold Closer Closer and Kick Plate Closer Closer Smith & Neubek & Associates Figure 12-14. A typical door schedule. Green Building Details In high h h- wind d or seismic zones, some g gr een bui il din ng techniques c do not provide enough no sta ab ility. t Kn no w regional and local building codes o to account a c fo f or environmental changes. s Submit m hou us e e plans s with green building technique ni det ta ils s noted e to a building official for re r ev iew and d approval.p al GREEN BUILDING