viii Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 107 admixture adobe brick aggregates angles ashlar bent glass bond bond beams brick masonry building brick cement ce ceramic tiles conc ncrete concre crete brick concrete ete masonry unit (CMU) cut stones es face brick ferrous metals als fi rebrick fi fi red-clay tile fi fl exible insulation fl fl oat glass fl gage system te glass glass block glazed brick gravel green building grout header course hydration insulating glass kiln-burned brick laminating llintels loo oose-fi lo insulation fill lum mb mber morta tar ar mosaic c tiles t i nonferrous us metals u open-web stee steel joists ste patterned glas ass ass paving brick pervious concrette e e plywood ood quarry tile t il reflflective in insulati on reinforcing ba bars rigid insulation on rough-sawn lumb mbe r rubble R-value safety glass sand-lime brick single-wythe walls stained glass stone masonry stretcher structural clay tile structural st steel surf urfaced lumber sustai tainability sustainable na design terra cotta tta thermal ins nsulati on welded wiree f fabr ic (WWF) After completing this unit, you wil will be able to: • Identify a variety of basic ma mat erials used in construction. • Identify the basic componentss of o concrete. • Describe different types of mason onry brick, block, and mortar. • Cl Classif y wood as hardwood or softw twood. • Reco cognize different structural steel shapes. h a • Describe rib various types of glass, plastics,, a and insulation. • Identify sy y symbol s representing materials on a n a drawing. • Explain the f e fun damentals of green building co cons truction. UNIT 7 Construction Materials—Types and Uses Unit0 7.indd 107 6/ 21/2017 1:06:15 PM Features of the Textbook Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Unit 12 Residential Framing Prints 207 Figure 12-4, are engineered wood members commonly used in floor construction. Wood I-joists have flanges made from solid sawn lumbee or laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and a web madd from oriented strand board (OSB) or plywood. • Subfloor. The joists and header are coveredd subflooring. A sheet material, such as plyw or chip board, is normally used. The subflo.oor fastened to the joists using nails or screws. O construction adhesive is used to attach the suubfloor to the joists before installing fasteners to streengthen the assembly. The finished floor, such as caarpet, wood, or ceramic tile, will cover the subfloor.. Additional floor framing members are shoown Figure 12-5: • Double header. When an opening that diisrupts the framing pattern is needed, a double hhe is installed perpendicular to the joists. Thused.me size member that is used for the joists is use shown. For example, joists shown on a foundation plan would be located above the basement and below the first e floor. See Figure 12-6. Dan Doorfmueller Figure 12-3. Wood floor joists framed over an interior loadbearing partition and foundation walls. APA-The Engineered Wood Association Figure 12-4. Wood I-joists are lightweight, high-strength framing members used for long spans. Common depths range from 9 1/2″ to 16″ ″ and flange widths vary from 1 1/2″ ″ to 3 1/2″. Member lengths up to 66′ are available. Engineered Wood Productse GREEN BUILDING U nit12.indd 207 6/21/2017 1:07:26 PM Unit 12 Re sidential Framing Prints 207 s d umber made with wood Often, oor. in header • Double trimmer. A double trimmer consists of two joists nailed together next to an opening. • Tail joist. This is a joist interrupted by an opening. Tail joists normally run between the double header and the sill plate. • Ledger. A ledger is a small piece of lumber, such r as a 2×2, nailed to the side of the double header, at its bottom edge. This piece serves as a ledge on which each tail joist rests. A notch must be cut into the joist to keep the top of the joist even. • Bridging. Bridging consists of small members g connected between the sides of adjacent joists to provide bracing. Bridging provides lateral stability for the joists and helps to transmit the load between the joists. Many types of bridging are used, including joist-sized members, crossed 2lines ×4s, and crossed sheet metal bars. × × The floor framing system is ofteembers n shown on the floor framing plan. The sizes of the m are given and marks or arrowheads are used to indicate the direction of the span. A note is typically used to specify dimensions for joists: 2×12 JOISTS 16″ O.C. ″ This designation means thataInc.a2×1216memberoniseused for each joist and the joists are spaced ″ from another ″ on center (O.C.). A measurement specified with the abbreviation O.C. or o/c refers to the distance between the centers of the adjoining building components.mp Joists on a plan represent the joists above the level shown. F or example, joists shown on a foundation plan would be located above the basement an d below the firs t e r d Wood Association E E E Engine ered Wood Products Thee developpm ment of modern engine ere ed woood products uc has done much to support pp th he moovem ment toward to green construction n. Accor rdin ng to t the Enginne eere d Wood Association,, I I-jo istss usee 50 0% lesss s wood than solid sawn 2 2 × × joistts. LVLL, fr re queenttly used for girders and r rim m boaardss, alsso co con serrve ves wood by providing thee requirred streenggth chaarracteristics while using less es woood. Lam minnated strandandlumber st (LSL) furtheerr conseerve ves ressourrces because be it can be manufacctured f from m sm mall- -diameetter, misshapen trees thatt w wou ld othherw wise be be unusable. Because enginne eere d woood prooducts can an be purchased in any lenng gth, th he was aste at thee c con struction site is greattly y reduuced d. G G G GR REEN BUILDING Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Unit 11 Structural Prints 195 Bolster Chair Whitacre Engineering Figure 11-13. Bolsters and chairs hold the reinforcing steel at the correct height in the forms. These are fastened to the forms wired to the reinforcing bars. Beams Joists Grid Grid lines RTKL Associates, Inc. Figure 11-14. A portion of structural framing drawing for a commercial building. Note that beams are represented with centerlines. In addition, note the use of grid lines to identify beams and columns. U nit11.indd 195 6/21/2017 1:06:55 PM it d iis t l t p w u ad ssa e abbrevia tion O ing bui lding co l el r Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 96 Section 3 Specifications and Materialss model codes include the International Building Code, the National Electrical Code, and the International Plumbing Code. Local building codes are ordinances stating minimum standards for construction requirements and practices in a given area or community. Local building codes are developed to protect the health, safety, and welfare of the public. Many municipalities adopt model codes in lieu of writing and updating their own codes.standardsand Safety and health standards are laws stating safety and health requirements. Examples of safety and health standards are those developed by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to protect the welfare of employees in all occupation types. These standards establish rules for proper ventilation, noise control, hazard protection around dangerous equipment, and personal body protection. These standards affect many aspects of the construction process, from the design of a safe work- place environment to the use of safety equipment by construction workers. Building codes and standards are constantly moni- tored and revised with the advice of experts in the area of interest. To find out what codes are applicable in your area or an area where you plan to design and build, you can usually visit the community website. Look for information organized under the heading or title referring to effective codes. These codes are minimum requirements. Building officials will usually allow some variations as long as the variations comply with the basic principles and standards of the code. Building code requirements are enforced by city, county, or local inspectors. These inspectors will examine work and sign off on select portions of a structure. For example, inspections are made to check items such as footings, framing of a residential structure, and plumbing and electrical rough-in. Always be familiar with what inspections are required in the area where you are building. Visiting the local building official’s office and developing a working relationship with inspection officials is a good way to learn about local building codes. • Warranties. This section addresses the number of years the product is under warranty material and installation defects. Most warranties are one year, but the warranty period can be listed as longer under the given specification or under General Requirements. The warranty information explains what constitutes a defect and how it should be repaired. • Cleaning and Repairs. As a project is turned over to an owner at the end of construction, sometimes special cleaning and repairs may be required. This section contains information addressing cleanup and repair requirements. Reading Specifi cations When reading specifications, first review the table of contents to become familiar with the type of information included. This will also give you an overview of what is included in the project. Information of a general nature, such as insurance, supervision, and inspection, is found in Division 01— General Requirements. When searching for a particular topic, determine under which division it would be included. For example, if you needed to know the required concrete strength, you would look under Division 03—Concrete. Note W Whe e ethe er y yo u a are bidding a speciffiedd m mate erial item, em spe sp ecifi icaationn section, or thee en nti re re p proj ojec c ct, it is r re c com mm men ndeed that you read andd b bec com me fa ami i ilia ar w with h inforrmation n included d un nde er G Gen nerr ral R Req qu uir remen m nts an nd Project Condittion ns in the t e sp pec c cific cattionns.. It i is common to he ear maate eria al su upp p plie ers, su subc con ntractor s, and co ontr racctor rs s say y y th hey y y weere e re equ uire ed to perform somethiingg me th hey y didd no ot i i incl lud de i in the t bid that cost significannt amou am c u unts s off m m mon neyy. B Bec com me familiar with th he en ntir e e set o of do ocu umennts.. um Th his is also helpful w whe en p pre epa arin n ng a a pr prop p pos sal an nd s sta t tement of qualific cat tionns. Building Codes Building codes are laws and standards specifying requirements for building construction. Building codes establish standard construction practices and materials and are enforced by local building officials to ensure that required standards are met. Building codes impact all aspects of the building design and construction process. Becoming familiar with the requirements of building codes and careful inspection of them is important in all building projects. There are different types of building codes in existence. Model codes are national building codes Green Building Codes Praacticces that ha started as ‘green’ are becominng be ‘coode’ acrosss s the country. Structures b bu ilt wiith greeen mate eria als are healthier and safeerr for th hei r r occcuppants. T The International Green Constru Co uctio on Coode, publissh hed by the International Coode d Cou ounc cil, esttabllishess r regu lations that govern the he impaact of b buil ldingss o on the environment and promotee pr susstaiinablee c cons truction practices. GREEN BUILDING Unit06.ind d 96 6/21/2 017 1:56:39 PM ction 3 Specifications and Material that promote uniformity nationwide. Examples of model co des incl ude the Internat ional Bu ilding Code, th Nati onal Ele ctrical Code, an d the Internatio nal anties. This section ad dresses the numb er rs the pro duct is under wa rranty aagainst gainst Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 170 Section 4 Reading Prints Footings are also required under columns. These footings frequently are wider and thicker than footings for foundation walls, because the column loads are concentrated in one spot. See Figure 10-2 . Fireplace chimneys and similar concentrations of weight also require larger footings. Footings must rest on undisturbed earth below the region’s frost line , the deepest point to which the ground e will freeze in a given area. The local building code will give the depth of the frost line, and how far below it the bottoms of the footings must be placed. Steel reinforcing rods (commonly called “rebar”) are placed in the footings. This is especially important when footings must pass over earth previously disturbed due to an earlier excavation. When a poured concrete foun- dation wall is to be erected on the footing, the drawing may call for a keyway to be cast in the footing to help anchor the wall. Refer to Figure 10-1. On a residential foundation plan, footings are shown as hidden lines, Figure 10-3 . The width of the footing under the foundation walls and columns is shown. On drawings of commercial buildings, it is common to Section Elevation Footing Keyway for poured wall Concrete wall Reinforcing steel Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Figure 10-1. Footings are designed to carry the weight of the entire building and to transfer that weight to the earth below. Concrete Construction Conccrete construuctionn co offe ers maany em mploy ment oppor ortunitiie es. Co oncre ete is a a wide ely ussed material in buiilding c cons t tructio on. In resid dential construction, concrrete is s s typic cally u us ed t to con nstruct t foundations and b base m m ments. In co omme ercial c con strruction, concrrete is s s often n usedd for b both s structu ural and archittecturra al pur rposes es. Thee num mber o of individuals involvved in n conccrete w wor k o on a construuction c project depen ends on on the size a and co comple exity o of the project. Onn largeer e proj ojects,, workkers in nvo lved ed in concrete consttructio o on incl lude l lab oreers, ca arpent ters, cement masoons, and an reiinforccing stteel installerrs. n A laborer is a w wor kerr r who enterrs the e tradee withoout experience and le ear nss and advannces a w with tr ra iningg. The laborer assistts thee other r workkers o on the e job byy helping the carpeenter m m move mateerials, the cementt e mason place concrrete, a a and the h reinnforcinng ste eel installer st move rebarr. Carpp penter rs buiild form rmwor rk for fo foo tings and founddationn w walls s. Cem ment m mason ns worrk with fresh concrrete or or lay c concre rete bllock. C Cemen ent masons are also r res pon nsible e for c con creete fin nishing g. A concrete finishher scrre reeds and t tro wel els thee placeed concrete and m must h h have a a workking k knowle edge o of the material propeerties o of con ncrete e. Reiinforci ing steeel installers, comm monly c called d rebaar insta tallers s, , build d the reinforcing insidee the f fo formw work b befo re e the concreete c is placed. On la arge projectts pr s, reinnforciing ste eel assemblies ss and rebarr cages es can n be v very su ubstan ntial. Workers enteering c concre rete co onstr u uction n typicacally learn skills on th he jobb by w worki ngg withh expee erien c ced tradeworkers. T Th ey m may al lso rec ece ivee trai ni froom a trade school or througgh ann apprenticeeshipning re p program.ra Work in the conncrete indusstry is s fast p pa cedd d and requires physical ca streength.. Conccrete consttructioon st workers must b be skillled in know wing h how to o work with concrete and an muust be e able to woork in d differ e ent weather conditions io beecaus se moost woork occccurs outdoors. serato/o//Shutterstotock.com Concrete construuction i is perfo formed d by skkilled w w worker rs. These workers ar are usinng a me m etal sccreed to levve el the concrete as it is p placed d. CAREERS IN CONSTRUCTION Unit10.i ndd 170 6/21/2017 2:2 6:55 PM f Technical Terms list the key terms te to be learned in the unit. Review this h is list l after completing the unit to be sure u r you know the definition of each h term. t Learning Objectives clearly identify the e knowledge k and skills to be obtained d upon u completion of the unit. After completing o m a unit, review these to ensure su that you have mastered the new w material. m Illustrations clearly and a simply communicate the specific ic topic. Photographic images have been b updated in this edition to show w the latest technology and products in i n the construction industry. Notes explain or expand on important aspects of a topic. Green Building features highlight key items em related to green building technology, gy sustainability, energy efficiency, and an environmental issues. Careers in Construction features provide information about career opportunities in the t construction trades.