Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Print Reading for Industry vii Features of the Textbook 1 Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Technical Terms additive manufacturing American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) blueprint computer-aided engineering (CAE) design process design web format (DWF) diazo drafting International Organization for Standardization (ISO) model and drawing method model only method plotter portable document format (PDF) print print reading product definition data set rapid manufacturing rapid prototyping raster image sinter standard three-dimensional (3D) printing vellum viewer program visualization Learning Objectives After completing this unit, you will be able to: ❑ Identify the importance of prints. ❑ Discuss historical processes and technologies related to prints. ❑ Explain the historical and current role of prints in the design process. ❑ Identify and define terms related to prints. ❑ Explain how prints are produced. ❑ Identify two important elements of print reading. ❑ Identify ways in which to care for prints. ❑ Identify and discuss options for using prints in an electronic (digital) format. ❑ Discuss the role of various organizations in the standardization of drawings. ❑ Discuss trends in engineering documentation that may reduce the need for paper prints. Prints: The Language of Industry Unit 1 Learning Objectives clearly identify the knowledge and skills to be obtained when the chapter is completed so students can direct their learning. Technical Terms list the key terms to be learned in the chapter. Students can review this list after completing the chapter to be sure they know the definition of each term. Unit 6 Section Views 109 Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. A section is used for a fe eaturre such as a wheel spoke or long bar. The pllane slices through the featurre paralllel the of sight, but the “cutt”Goodheart-Willcox shape is rPublisherlved evo 90° dirrectly on the regular vie ew as if it were an overlay,, as shown in Figure 6-9A. To cllariffy the view,, the part may be broken on each side of the section, as shown in Fig gure 6-9B.B A removed section is simillar to a revolved sec- tion, but the section vie ew is shown another place on the drawing. In addition, the remo oved section should be placed “out of projection” with the otther vie ews. See Fig gure 6--10. Removed sections are fre-- quently used as detail Each removed view is labeled with uppercase letters corressponding to the letters at each end of the cutting-plane line. Refer to SECTION A-A and SECTION B-B in Figure 6-10. Removed sections may also be shown at a different scale, usually enlarged to clarify detail. In the case of multiple sheet drawings, if possible, the removed section should be on the same sheet as the corre- sponding “cut” view. Goodheart-Willcox Figure 6-8. A broken-out section is created when a small portion of a part is exposed to show construction.on.itucstron Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Figure 6-9. A—A revolved section has a cutting plane slicing through the feature parallel with the line of sight, but the “cut” shape is rotated 90° directly on the regular view. B—The regular view can also be broken on each side of the revolved section. A B Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Figure 6-10. A removed section is shown “out of place” on the drawing. A rrevolved evolved se ction r r i s u se d f o r a f at u e s u c h a s a w h ee l s p o k e o r l o n g ssteel t ee l ba r . T h e ccutting u tt i n g p a n e s l ic es t hr o u g h t h e f eat u e p a r a l e l tto o t h e lline in e o f s i g h t, b u t t h e “ cu ” s h a p e i s r e vo l ve d 90 ° d i e c t l y o n t h e r eg ul a r v i w as if i t we r e a n ove rl ay y y as s h o w n in F i gu r e 6- 9A . T o ffurther ur t h e r c a ri y t h e v i ew w t h e p a r t m a y b e b r o k e n o n e a c h s id e o f t h e se c t i o n , as s h o w n in F i u r e 6-9 . A r emoved r r s ect ion i s s imi a r t o a r e vo l ve d se c - t i o n , b u t t h e se c t i o n v i w i s s h o w n iin n a n ot h e r pl a c e o n t h e dr aw i n g. I n a ddi t i o n , t h e r e m v e d se c t i o n s h o uld be pl a c e d “o u t o f pr oje c t i o n ” w i t h t h e o h e r v i w s. See F i u r e 6 1 0 . R e m o v e d se c t i o n s a r e fr e qu e n t l y u se d as d eta i l ssections. e c t i o n s. E a c h r e m ove d v i ew i s l ab e l e d w i t h upp e r c ase l e tt e r s c o rr e p o n din g to Goodheart- Willcoox W W PPublisher o ublisher F igu re 6 - 8. A broken-out sec tion i s cr ea ted wh en a sma ll por tion o f a p ar t is exp ose d t o sh o w tthe he iinteriorriotn er c F igu re 6- 1 0. A re mo ved sec tion i s sho wn “ out o f p lac e” o 1 108 Print Reading for Industry Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Notice there is only one arrowhead on the cutting- plane line for the half section view. Also note the preferred method of showing the section view with a center line dividing the sectioned half from the regular half, not a visible line. After all, the object is really not cut. The resulting section is really a “double exposure” with two half views as one. An offset section is drawn when the essential internal details do not appear on one fl at plane through the object. The cutting-plane line is drawn offset through the object to include the desired fea- tures. Those features are then shown on one plane in the section view. See Figure 6-6. The section view itself does not show the bends in the cutting plane and appears as if it was cut by a fl at plane. An aligned section is usually drawn for a cylin- drical object with an odd number of features. The cutting-plane line is offset through the features such that they can be “rotated” to a normal vertical or horizontal plane and projected to the section view. The result is equivalent to the feature being “aligned” with a normal full section cutting plane. See Figure 6-7. Notice the upper arrow in this fi gure is perpendicular to the cutting-plane line, since the cut profi le is rotated into a vertical position and not foreshortened. A broken-out section is created when a small portion of a part is exposed to show the interior con- struction. This is like starting to cut the object with a plane, but then breaking off a piece of the object, leaving the rest of the object shown in a regular way. A cutting-plane line in an adjacent view is unnecessary. The sectioned portion of the view is separated by a short break line, as discussed in Unit 2. See Figure 6-8. This type of section view can also be used to show exterior and interior details on the same view, similar in fashion to a half section. As in other cases, the hidden lines in the non-sectioned portion of the view may be drawn if needed to explain other interior details, or may be omitted for clarity. Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Figure 6-5. The half section is created when a symmetrical object is drawn as a blended view with one-half as a section view and the other half as a regular view. Figure 6-6. An offset section is drawn with a cutting- plane line offset through the object to include the desired features. Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Figure 6-7. The cutting-plane line of an aligned section is offset through the features so they can be “rotated” to a normal vertical or horizontal plane and projected to the section view. Illustrations have been designed to clearly and simply communicate the specific topic. Photographic images have been updated for this edition.