xiii Contents Section 1 Introduction to Drafting and Print Reading Unit 1 Prints: The Language of Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 The Importance of Prints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 History of Prints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 How Prints Are Made. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Print Reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Print Reading Steps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Care of Prints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Electronic Formats for Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Standards for Engineering Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Engineering Drawings and the Design Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Additive Manufacturing and Prints. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Trends in Engineering Drawing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Unit 2 Line Conventions and Lettering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Alphabet of Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Primary View Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Section View Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Dimensioning Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Miscellaneous Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Standardized Lettering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Unit 3 Title Blocks and Parts Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Sheet Size and Format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Borders and Zoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Basic Title Block Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Intermediate Title Block Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Revision History Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Parts Lists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Part Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Section 2 Fundamentals of Shape Description Unit 4 Geometric Terms and Construction . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Two-Dimensional Shape Terminology. . . . . . . . . . 60 Three-Dimensional Form Terminology . . . . . . . . . 61 Orientation Terminology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Specialized Geometric Shapes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Computer Modeling Terms and Issues. . . . . . . . . . 64 Unit 5 Multiview Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 The Role of Spatial Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Orthographic Projections of Views. . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Selection of Views. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Dimensions of an Object. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Visualization of Objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Three Types of Surfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Cylindrical and Curved Surfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Conventional Representation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .⤀ 89 Meanings of a Multiview Line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .⤀ 90 First-Angle and Third-Angle Projection. . . . . . . . . 91 Basic Technical Sketching for Multiview Drawings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .⤀ 94 Computer-Generated Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Unit 6 Section Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Section View Lines and Principles. . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Section View Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Conventional Practice in Section Views. . . . . . . . 126 Other Section View Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .⤀ 126 Sections in Assembly Drawings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Computer-Generated Section Views . . . . . . . . . . 128 Unit 7 Auxiliary Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Auxiliary View Principles and Purposes. . . . . . . . 145 Visualizing Auxiliary Views. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Auxiliary View Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Computer-Generated Auxiliary Views . . . . . . . . . 150 Unit 8 Screw Thread Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Thread Terms and Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Screw Thread Forms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Thread Representations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Thread Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Specification of Screw Threads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Metric Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Pipe Threads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Computer-Generated Thread Representations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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