Chapter Outline
provides a preview
of the chapter
topics and serves as
a review tool.
The instructional design includes student-focused learning tools to help students succeed. This visual guide
highlights the features designed for the textbook.
Guided Tour
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
159
8 Equipment
Installation
Considerations
Chapter Outline
8.1 Equipment Location
8.1.1 Condensing Unit Location 8.1.2 Air Handler Location
8.2 Ductwork Location and Considerations
8.2.1 Ductwork Fastening 8.2.2 Supporting Sheet Metal Ductwork
8.2.3 Duct Leakage
8.2.4 Duct Insulation 8.2.5 Heat Exchangers in the Ductwork
8.3 Plumbing Line Location and Considerations
8.3.1 Condensate Piping
8.3.2 Refrigerant Lines 8.3.3 Condenser, Chilled, and Hot Water Lines
8.3.4 Pipe Penetrations 8.3.5 Piping Support
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
■ Defi ne a split air-conditioning system and its
components.
■ Identify the considerations for determining the location
of a condensing unit.
■ Discuss the factors that determine the location of an air
handler.
■ Describe system components that affect the effi ciency of
ductwork.
■ installation considerations for supply and return
duct runs.
■ the types of piping used in HVACR systems.
■ Identify installation considerations for refrigerant,
condensate, and water lines.
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
160
Introduction A complete set of project plans consists of many different elements. These landscaping elements, structural elements, HVACR, interior decorative design fi nish and Although for plans to be as accurate complete as possible, it is that neither the the the are in all of the factors that be in the plan set. you to a set job plans to and understand these of the industry’s best and the manufacturers’ installation This important aspects of system and provides references to as they to these and procedures.
8.1 Equipment Location The location of various pieces of air-conditioning equipment is usually layout stages of the It is ferred to have HVACR equipment in to areas However, this is not possible or desirable. option for equipment therefore be against to decide what is best for When
specifi
c as system and service-
must be considered. are integral when determining the best location for a
split air-conditioning system.
a guration and divide their systems into two Split air-conditioning age-type equipment, which has its system in a single location and all its in one roof of a or alongside the structure at ground level. A split sys- a condensing unit that is its handler are many considerations to determine
their exact locations.
8.1.1 Condensing Unit Location
A condensing unit
the condenser coil and the compressor an system. for considering of a
condensing unit include the following:
■ Airfl ow restrictions
■ Local building codes
■ Sound/noise transmission
■ Location of electrical power
■ Proximity to the indoor unit
■ Ground slope
■ Serviceability
Technical Terms
air handler
auxiliary drain pan
bar slip
building setback
C-clamp
clevis-type hanger
condensate
condensate drain line
condensate pump
condensate trap
condensing unit
cross-breaking
drive
pitch
refrigerant trap
safety fl oat switch
slip split air-conditioning system
variance
Illustrations have been designed
to clearly communicate the
specifi c topic and apply learning
to print reading.
Between the Lines provide you
with best practices and guidance
while using prints to complete
HVACR-related work.
Chapter 12 Estimating HVACR Jobs 281
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
12.4.1 Bid Overlapping
Bid overlapping is a problem that arises when multiple trades are bid-
ding on their portion of a construction project. It occurs when a contrac-
tor includes work in the project bid that is actually the responsibility of
another contractor. Consider, for example, a task such as running control
wiring for an air-conditioning system, or installing a condensate drain
line from an air handler to its termination point in a waste line. These
two tasks are usually performed by the HVACR contractor, but they can
be performed by either an electrical or plumbing contractor. Bid overlap-
ping results in a fi nal project bid that is higher than it would have been
had the additional items not been included. Depending on the amount of
work improperly included in the estimate, the effect of overlapping on
the fi nal proposal quote can be signifi cant.
B E T W E E N T H E L I N E S
Reducing Bid Overlap
To reduce the possibility of bid overlapping, the individual responsible for
extracting information from the set of plans should be completely aware of
the scope of work to be performed by each of the trades. If there is any doubt
regarding which trade is responsible for each aspect of the project, it is far
better to inquire before preparing and submitting the fi nal bid.
12.5 Proposals
A proposal is a document that presents a contractor’s vision for a project
or task, Figure 12-2. It is intended to sell the client on the contractor’s
interpretation and solution for that project or task, rather than be a doc-
ument that outlines pricing information.
For example, consider the situation where a
homeowner wants to install an HVACR system in his
home. The homeowner is not certain what type of
system he wants (furnace with a cooling coil, heat
pump, ducted, ductless, etc.), how many systems are
needed, the effi ciency of the equipment, the location
of the equipment, or the required capacity of the
equipment. The homeowner might then call upon
multiple contractors to provide their expertise on
how to best meet the HVACR needs of the structure.
These contractors will also work within the client’s
budget for the project.
Proposals also offer potential contractors a way
to showcase their work by providing written recom-
mendations from past clients, manufacturer’s literature,
photos of the proposed concepts, or detailed renderings
of how the contractor envisions the completed project.
Whereas project bids are more formal and follow specifi c
guidelines, proposals allow a contractor to be creative.
Shutterstock.com/Pormezz
Figure 12-2. A contractor discusses his project vision in the
proposal submitted to a potential client.
Chapter 8 Equipment Installation Considerations
169
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
extra perpendicular tab that prevents the slip, and the duct it is connecting, from bending and fl exing during blower startup and shutdown. As the ductwork dimensions the ducts may to fl ex upon blower startup and shutdown.
This fl exing is ted through the entire air distribution system. Another is
is the process of creating small bends between the side a section. By cross-breaking the sides of the duct, the likely to fl ex when system blowers cycle on and off.
Flanged Connectors Flanged connectors are more expensive than the slip and drive method. Although primarily used in commer- cial and larger residential applications, fl anged duct connectors are becoming popular in smaller tial projects as well. Flanged connectors are made up
t over the edges of the duct section, and matching
nectors that fi t into the angle connectors, Figure 8-14. The corner and angle connectors fi t together to form a frame that is installed on the of tion. The angle connectors have an adhesive inside the channel, which sticks to the sheet metal once inserted into the fl ange. After placing a sealing gasket material two are
together, Figure 8-15 ,completing the connection. The type of connector a is often indicated on the project plans. If no specifi c type is speci-
fi ed, ask for clarifi cation before bidding on the job. The costs associated with using duct-joining
ods are very different.
8.2.2 Supporting Sheet Metal Ductworkk
Ductwork must be properly supported when installed. Strapping material, or strips of heavier-gage sheet metal, is commonly used to support a duct. These to the or structure and then screwed into the sides and bottom of the duct sections. On smaller-sized ducts, there must be one set of duct straps per duct section. Larger ducts two A number of different construction materials may make up the overhead structure, so different meth-m ods may be needed to secure the ductwork. Common and Detail drawings illustrate how supporting mem- bers are attached to overhead structural materials.
Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Figure 8-13. Bar slips are used instead of traditional slips when larger duct are
Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Figure 8-14. The two sections of fl anged duct sections are bolted
Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Figure 8-15. Detail of attachment to steel beams.
G llcox
s con ,ex sh iincrease,,
rt
can cause loud banging that d
method called cross Cross-breakinggCross-breaking s between diagonal corners on each
e aare less
tors e
ve od. Alt resid tions, connect ors lar .m spec ially fabricated angle connectors, which the edges t g cor an
ors i d
tion. T e ctors e in channel, i e m
the o mating duct sections, they are r, t e intended for project i
indicat ed ifi i g e fi
different duct
Ductw
erly su inst Strappi ng
T are often secured rafters over
bo of the smaller-sized
ts, re st .d constron.
ov
nt
duc
ials in clude wood, steel, concr s illus h m bers ar e d tural m
90 Print Reading for HVACR
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
A secondary supply trunk supplies air to ondary supply trunks. Branch are duct air a takeoff fi tting to a boot, as shown in Figure .is duct fi that connects the runout duct to the
5-4. installations, if local codes permit, fl exible duct out. be Air distribution systems on smaller heating air-conditioning tems only have are close other. When the supply locations far from each used. trunks
Figure shows how the primary supply to ary trunks. ow all and runouts connected the supply trunk should be same as the airfl ow in the supply
5.2 Straight Duct Sections
The majority of ductwork consists of straight as
″ × ″ or ″ × ″. ducts are drawn the same on both plan and cross-sectional of duct the sections are represented
views. Consider a section of straight, of ″ × 14″, Figure 5-6 .labeled on a drawing, the dimension fi
rst represents is seen in the drawing. In Figure 5-6B, the 28″ the is in the drawing. Since the is to oor, fi plan view of
Figure 5-6C rep- resents an elevation view of the the
″ side of 28″ sides of the duct are still parallel to the fl oor, but are not seen in this view.
Takeoff
Primary or secondary
supply trunk
Branch runout
Supply
Goodheart-Willcox Publisher
Figure 5-3. A branch runout connects the takeoff fi tting to the boot.
Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Figure 5-4. One type of boot fi tting.
4-AA
Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Figure 5-5. A primary supply trunk supplies air to the secondary supply trunks.
Primary
supply trunk
Secondary supply trunk Secondary
supply trunk
Learning Objectives
clearly identify
the knowledge
and skills to be
obtained when
the chapter is
completed.
Technical Terms
list the key terms
to be learned in the
chapter.
Introduction provides an
overview and preview of
the chapter content.
provides a preview
of the chapter
topics and serves as
a review tool.
The instructional design includes student-focused learning tools to help students succeed. This visual guide
highlights the features designed for the textbook.
Guided Tour
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
159
8 Equipment
Installation
Considerations
Chapter Outline
8.1 Equipment Location
8.1.1 Condensing Unit Location 8.1.2 Air Handler Location
8.2 Ductwork Location and Considerations
8.2.1 Ductwork Fastening 8.2.2 Supporting Sheet Metal Ductwork
8.2.3 Duct Leakage
8.2.4 Duct Insulation 8.2.5 Heat Exchangers in the Ductwork
8.3 Plumbing Line Location and Considerations
8.3.1 Condensate Piping
8.3.2 Refrigerant Lines 8.3.3 Condenser, Chilled, and Hot Water Lines
8.3.4 Pipe Penetrations 8.3.5 Piping Support
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
■ Defi ne a split air-conditioning system and its
components.
■ Identify the considerations for determining the location
of a condensing unit.
■ Discuss the factors that determine the location of an air
handler.
■ Describe system components that affect the effi ciency of
ductwork.
■ installation considerations for supply and return
duct runs.
■ the types of piping used in HVACR systems.
■ Identify installation considerations for refrigerant,
condensate, and water lines.
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
160
Introduction A complete set of project plans consists of many different elements. These landscaping elements, structural elements, HVACR, interior decorative design fi nish and Although for plans to be as accurate complete as possible, it is that neither the the the are in all of the factors that be in the plan set. you to a set job plans to and understand these of the industry’s best and the manufacturers’ installation This important aspects of system and provides references to as they to these and procedures.
8.1 Equipment Location The location of various pieces of air-conditioning equipment is usually layout stages of the It is ferred to have HVACR equipment in to areas However, this is not possible or desirable. option for equipment therefore be against to decide what is best for When
specifi
c as system and service-
must be considered. are integral when determining the best location for a
split air-conditioning system.
a guration and divide their systems into two Split air-conditioning age-type equipment, which has its system in a single location and all its in one roof of a or alongside the structure at ground level. A split sys- a condensing unit that is its handler are many considerations to determine
their exact locations.
8.1.1 Condensing Unit Location
A condensing unit
the condenser coil and the compressor an system. for considering of a
condensing unit include the following:
■ Airfl ow restrictions
■ Local building codes
■ Sound/noise transmission
■ Location of electrical power
■ Proximity to the indoor unit
■ Ground slope
■ Serviceability
Technical Terms
air handler
auxiliary drain pan
bar slip
building setback
C-clamp
clevis-type hanger
condensate
condensate drain line
condensate pump
condensate trap
condensing unit
cross-breaking
drive
pitch
refrigerant trap
safety fl oat switch
slip split air-conditioning system
variance
Illustrations have been designed
to clearly communicate the
specifi c topic and apply learning
to print reading.
Between the Lines provide you
with best practices and guidance
while using prints to complete
HVACR-related work.
Chapter 12 Estimating HVACR Jobs 281
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
12.4.1 Bid Overlapping
Bid overlapping is a problem that arises when multiple trades are bid-
ding on their portion of a construction project. It occurs when a contrac-
tor includes work in the project bid that is actually the responsibility of
another contractor. Consider, for example, a task such as running control
wiring for an air-conditioning system, or installing a condensate drain
line from an air handler to its termination point in a waste line. These
two tasks are usually performed by the HVACR contractor, but they can
be performed by either an electrical or plumbing contractor. Bid overlap-
ping results in a fi nal project bid that is higher than it would have been
had the additional items not been included. Depending on the amount of
work improperly included in the estimate, the effect of overlapping on
the fi nal proposal quote can be signifi cant.
B E T W E E N T H E L I N E S
Reducing Bid Overlap
To reduce the possibility of bid overlapping, the individual responsible for
extracting information from the set of plans should be completely aware of
the scope of work to be performed by each of the trades. If there is any doubt
regarding which trade is responsible for each aspect of the project, it is far
better to inquire before preparing and submitting the fi nal bid.
12.5 Proposals
A proposal is a document that presents a contractor’s vision for a project
or task, Figure 12-2. It is intended to sell the client on the contractor’s
interpretation and solution for that project or task, rather than be a doc-
ument that outlines pricing information.
For example, consider the situation where a
homeowner wants to install an HVACR system in his
home. The homeowner is not certain what type of
system he wants (furnace with a cooling coil, heat
pump, ducted, ductless, etc.), how many systems are
needed, the effi ciency of the equipment, the location
of the equipment, or the required capacity of the
equipment. The homeowner might then call upon
multiple contractors to provide their expertise on
how to best meet the HVACR needs of the structure.
These contractors will also work within the client’s
budget for the project.
Proposals also offer potential contractors a way
to showcase their work by providing written recom-
mendations from past clients, manufacturer’s literature,
photos of the proposed concepts, or detailed renderings
of how the contractor envisions the completed project.
Whereas project bids are more formal and follow specifi c
guidelines, proposals allow a contractor to be creative.
Shutterstock.com/Pormezz
Figure 12-2. A contractor discusses his project vision in the
proposal submitted to a potential client.
Chapter 8 Equipment Installation Considerations
169
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
extra perpendicular tab that prevents the slip, and the duct it is connecting, from bending and fl exing during blower startup and shutdown. As the ductwork dimensions the ducts may to fl ex upon blower startup and shutdown.
This fl exing is ted through the entire air distribution system. Another is
is the process of creating small bends between the side a section. By cross-breaking the sides of the duct, the likely to fl ex when system blowers cycle on and off.
Flanged Connectors Flanged connectors are more expensive than the slip and drive method. Although primarily used in commer- cial and larger residential applications, fl anged duct connectors are becoming popular in smaller tial projects as well. Flanged connectors are made up
t over the edges of the duct section, and matching
nectors that fi t into the angle connectors, Figure 8-14. The corner and angle connectors fi t together to form a frame that is installed on the of tion. The angle connectors have an adhesive inside the channel, which sticks to the sheet metal once inserted into the fl ange. After placing a sealing gasket material two are
together, Figure 8-15 ,completing the connection. The type of connector a is often indicated on the project plans. If no specifi c type is speci-
fi ed, ask for clarifi cation before bidding on the job. The costs associated with using duct-joining
ods are very different.
8.2.2 Supporting Sheet Metal Ductworkk
Ductwork must be properly supported when installed. Strapping material, or strips of heavier-gage sheet metal, is commonly used to support a duct. These to the or structure and then screwed into the sides and bottom of the duct sections. On smaller-sized ducts, there must be one set of duct straps per duct section. Larger ducts two A number of different construction materials may make up the overhead structure, so different meth-m ods may be needed to secure the ductwork. Common and Detail drawings illustrate how supporting mem- bers are attached to overhead structural materials.
Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Figure 8-13. Bar slips are used instead of traditional slips when larger duct are
Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Figure 8-14. The two sections of fl anged duct sections are bolted
Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Figure 8-15. Detail of attachment to steel beams.
G llcox
s con ,ex sh iincrease,,
rt
can cause loud banging that d
method called cross Cross-breakinggCross-breaking s between diagonal corners on each
e aare less
tors e
ve od. Alt resid tions, connect ors lar .m spec ially fabricated angle connectors, which the edges t g cor an
ors i d
tion. T e ctors e in channel, i e m
the o mating duct sections, they are r, t e intended for project i
indicat ed ifi i g e fi
different duct
Ductw
erly su inst Strappi ng
T are often secured rafters over
bo of the smaller-sized
ts, re st .d constron.
ov
nt
duc
ials in clude wood, steel, concr s illus h m bers ar e d tural m
90 Print Reading for HVACR
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
A secondary supply trunk supplies air to ondary supply trunks. Branch are duct air a takeoff fi tting to a boot, as shown in Figure .is duct fi that connects the runout duct to the
5-4. installations, if local codes permit, fl exible duct out. be Air distribution systems on smaller heating air-conditioning tems only have are close other. When the supply locations far from each used. trunks
Figure shows how the primary supply to ary trunks. ow all and runouts connected the supply trunk should be same as the airfl ow in the supply
5.2 Straight Duct Sections
The majority of ductwork consists of straight as
″ × ″ or ″ × ″. ducts are drawn the same on both plan and cross-sectional of duct the sections are represented
views. Consider a section of straight, of ″ × 14″, Figure 5-6 .labeled on a drawing, the dimension fi
rst represents is seen in the drawing. In Figure 5-6B, the 28″ the is in the drawing. Since the is to oor, fi plan view of
Figure 5-6C rep- resents an elevation view of the the
″ side of 28″ sides of the duct are still parallel to the fl oor, but are not seen in this view.
Takeoff
Primary or secondary
supply trunk
Branch runout
Supply
Goodheart-Willcox Publisher
Figure 5-3. A branch runout connects the takeoff fi tting to the boot.
Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Figure 5-4. One type of boot fi tting.
4-AA
Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Figure 5-5. A primary supply trunk supplies air to the secondary supply trunks.
Primary
supply trunk
Secondary supply trunk Secondary
supply trunk
Learning Objectives
clearly identify
the knowledge
and skills to be
obtained when
the chapter is
completed.
Technical Terms
list the key terms
to be learned in the
chapter.
Introduction provides an
overview and preview of
the chapter content.