examples of typical weld symbols and weldments shown
in Figure 6-21.
The complete weld symbol gives the welder
instructions on how to prepare the base metal, the
welding process to use, and the finish for the completed
weld. Through careful use of these symbols, the weld
designer can convey all the information needed to
complete a weldment.
Classes are offered that provide advanced study in
the area of print reading for welders. By taking such
classes, the welder can improve his or her ability to read
and interpret welding drawings. Studying texts on print
reading is another method of gaining ability to read prints.
Weld Positions
For a welder, it is important to be able to weld in
different positions. The American Welding Society has
defined the positions of welding to include:
• Flat.
• Horizontal.
• Vertical.
• Overhead.
Figure 6-22 demonstrates the four positions for fillet
welds, grooved butt welds, and pipe welds. While
practicing welding in these positions, you should note how
gravity affects the molten weld pools. In addition to this,
heat distribution also varies with each position. These
factors make the skills needed for each position distinct.
Practice is required to produce good welds in all positions.
Design Considerations
Design of the weld type and weld joint to be used is
of prime importance if the weldment is to do the intended
job. The weld should be made at reasonable cost. Several
factors concerning the weld design must be considered:
• Material type and condition (annealed, hardened,
tempered).
• Service conditions (pressure, chemical, vibration,
shock, wear).
• Physical and mechanical properties of the
completed weld and heat-affected zone.
• Preparation and welding cost.
• Assembly configuration and weld access.
• Equipment and tooling.
Butt Joints and Welds
Butt joints are used where high strength is required.
They are reliable and can withstand stress better than any
other type of weld joint. To achieve full stress value, the
weld must have 100 percent penetration through the joint.
This can be done by welding completely through from
one side. The alternative is working from both sides, with
the welds joining in the center.
Thinner-gauge metals are more difficult to fit up
for welding. Thin metals also require more costly
tooling to maintain the proper joint configuration. Tack
welding may be used as a method of holding the
components during assembly. However, tack welds
present many problems:
Chapter 6 Weld Joints and Weld Types 63
Bevel-groove
weld symbol
Desired weld Entire surface built
up weld symbol
Desired weld
Two-sided fillet
weld symbol
Fillet weld-all-
around symbol
Desired weld
Desired weld
Desired weld
V-groove weld
symbol
Desired weld U-groove weld
symbol
Figure 6-21. Typical weld symbols and weld applications.