78 Unit 2 The Learner
Review Review
1. Explain the difference between growth
and development.
2. Identify the major areas in which people
develop over time and give an example of
each.
3. What are four principles of human
development?
4. Give an example of a sequence of
development (physical, cognitive, or
social-emotional), other than one used in
this chapter.
5. What is a developmental theory?
6. Who described operant conditioning?
Explain what operant conditioning is.
7. How would Bandura explain why two
people respond to the same experiences
differently? What is his theory called?
8. According to cognitive theory, why do
young children think differently than teens?
9. Vygotsky believed that a child’s learning
is infl uenced by the people who interact
with the child. Give an example of this
type of learning.
10. Taking Erikson’s theory into
consideration, how might a child who has
not successfully developed trust have a
more diffi cult time starting kindergarten
than a child who had developed trust?
Refl ect Refl ect
1. If development were not an orderly
process, how would education be
different?
2. Predict how believing that only heredity
determines intelligence would impact the
way a teacher relates to students. What
if the teacher believed that intelligence
was determined only by environment?
3. Some educational computer programs
reward correct answers and negatively
reinforce incorrect ones. What educational
theory is this based on? What types of
positive and negative rewards are typically
used in these programs? How do you
think they impact learners?
4. Imagine the following scene: Six-year-old
Caesar, his dad, and his baby sister are
visiting the local park and swimming
pool. Caesar’s dad is pushing the baby’s
stroller. Caesar begins exploring, moving
farther and farther away. His dad calls
out “Caesar, come back here right now.
Caesar, I mean it! Come here. Caesar,
listen to me.” Caesar keeps his distance
and slowly moves farther away. He does
not acknowledge his dad’s instructions.
His dad begins again, “Caesar, come
here. I need to be able to see you. You
have to stay with me.” Caesar continues
to explore.
How would a behaviorist view this
situation? How might a social cognitive
theorist, such as Bandura, interpret
Caesar’s behavior?