iv About the Authors John B. Gradwell was initially educated at Loughborough University, England, after which he taught at both the elementary and secondary school levels. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree from Loughborough University and a Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts from San Francisco State University. His work as a Research Fellow at Iowa State University culminated in a doctoral degree from ISU. Following doctoral studies, he taught at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and subsequently at McGill University, Montreal, Canada, in the Faculty of Education where he is currently Professor Emeritus. His work has included the training of future and in-service teachers of technology and vocational education. His research focused on the integration of science within technology education including a comparison of European and North American systems. His industrial experience is primarily in cabinetmaking, and fabrication and thermo-forming of plastics. Malcolm Welch trained as a teacher of furniture design at Shoreditch College of Education, University of London. Following 22 years as a teacher in a variety of secondary schools in both England and Canada, he completed master of education and PhD degrees at McGill University. His doctoral work was included on the University’s Dean’s Honor List for outstanding research. He subsequently taught a graduate course in research methods and undergraduate courses in curriculum and instruction. He is currently Professor Emeritus in the Faculty of Education, Queen’s University. His research focuses on design education, 2-D and 3-D modeling as educative experiences, using portfolios as a teaching, learning, and assessment tools, and the nature and importance of classroom talk. While at Queen’s University, he directed the Elementary Science and Technology Project, a program that investigated approaches to the teaching of science and technology at the middle school level, provided professional development for teachers, and developed curriculum materials. He also worked on major curriculum projects in England and the United States, including the Standards for Technological Literacy.