vi Acknowledgments The authors and publisher would like to thank the following companies, organizations, and individuals for their contribution of resource material, images, or other support in the development of Welding Fundamentals. Air Products and Chemicals American Torch Tip Company American Welding Society Arc Machines, Inc. Arcsmith Automation International, Inc. Bernard, a division of DovaTech, Ltd. Broco, Inc. Bug-O Systems Equipment Century Manufacturing Company CK Worldwide, Inc. Cloos Robotic Welding, Inc. Controls Corporation of America (CONCOA) Cronatron Welding Systems, Inc. E.H. Wachs Company ESAB Welding and Cutting Products FANUC Robotics North America, Inc. Ferranti-Sciaky, Inc. Fischer Engineering Company Fusion, Inc. G.A.L. Gauge Company Genstar Technologies Co., Inc. Gullco International Limited Handy & Harmon PMFG/Lucas-Milhaupt, Inc. Harris Welco Division of J.W. Harris Co. Hobart Welding Products Imperial Weld Ring Corporation Instron Corporation Intercon Enterprises, Inc. Invincible Airfl ow Systems Jackson Products, Inc. James Morton, Inc. Kamweld Products Company, Inc. Koike-Aronson, Inc. of Kalamazoo Laramy Products Co., Inc. Lincoln Electric Company, The LORS Machinery, Inc. Miller Electric Mfg. Co. Navy Joining Center Nederman, Inc. Nelson Stud Welding Ohio Nut and Bolt Company, The Profi ler, Inc. PTR—Precision Technologies, Inc. Rexarc, Inc. Seelye, Inc. Stoody—A Thermadyne Company Sun-Tec Corporation Taylor-Winfi eld Corporation Thermadyne Holdings, Inc. Tinius Olsen Testing Machine Co., Inc. Victor, a division of Thermadyne Industries, Inc. Wall Colmonoy Corporation Weldcraft, A Division of DovaTech, LTD. Wolf Robotics, Inc. The authors wish to thank the following welding instructors and their students for their cooperation in creating many of the required photographs: Bob Brandell, Welding Instructor, Van Buren Technical Center Eric Martin, Welding Instructor, Kalamazoo Valley Community College The authors would also like to thank the management at the following companies for loaning them various pieces of equipment for photographs: Airgas and Purity Cylinder Gases, Inc. of Kalamazoo Most of the photographs in this book, unless otherwise credited, were taken by William A. Bowditch.