xviii Chapter 29 Brazing and Braze Welding .........447 Brazing and Braze Welding Principles ......................................448 Brazing Filler Metal ..........................448 Preparing to Braze or Braze Weld ....451 Brazing and Braze Welding Safety Precautions .......................453 Brazing .............................................454 Braze Welding—Flat Position ..........456 Brazing and Braze Welding Out of Position ..............................460 Chapter 30 Soldering .....................................465 Soldering Principles .........................466 Advantages of Soldering ..................466 Soldering Filler Metals .....................466 Soldering Fluxes ..............................468 Hazards of Solders and Fluxes Containing Lead ...........................469 Acceptable Solders for Drinking Water Systems ...............470 Preparing to Solder ..........................471 Soldering Safety Precautions ...........472 Procedures for Torch Soldering ........472 Section 7 Resistance Welding ...........478 Chapter 31 Resistance Welding: Equipment and Supplies .............479 Principles of Resistance Spot Welding ................................480 Welding Machines ...........................480 Safety ...............................................487 Chapter 32 Resistance Welding: Procedures ..................................491 Selecting the Welding Machine ........492 Setting the Welding Variables ..........492 Welding Carbon Steel ......................496 Welding Aluminum ...........................497 Projection Welding ...........................498 Resistance Seam Welding ...............499 Section 8 Welding in Industry ............504 Chapter 33 Pipe and Tube Welding ...............505 Pipes and Tubes ..............................506 Welding Processes ..........................507 Types of Joints .................................510 Pipe or Tube Welding Positions ........511 Preparations for Welding ..................511 SMAW of Pipe and Tube ..................516 GTAW of Pipe and Tube ...................522 GMAW and FCAW of Pipe and Tube ..............................524 Chapter 34 Robotics in Welding ....................529 The Reason for Robots ....................530 Types of Industrial Robots ...............530 Robotic Welding Systems ................531 Safety around Robots ......................535 Chapter 35 Special Welding and Cutting Processes ...................................541 Frequently Used Special Processes .....................................542 Special Arc Welding Processes ........542 Solid-State Welding Processes ........546 Other Welding Processes ................549 Special Cutting Processes ...............552 Chapter 36 Inspecting and Testing Welds ......557 Reasons for Inspecting Welds .........558 Types of Tests ..................................558