1 15 The Urinary System . . . . . . . . . . . 462 Section 15.1 The Kidney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 Normal and Abnormal Renal Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . .465 Section 15.2 Urine Formation, Storage, and Excretion . . . . . . 469 Blood Pressure and the Kidneys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 Section 15.3 Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System . .480 Paired Kidney Transplants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .486 16 The Male and Female Reproductive Systems . . . . . . . . . 492 Section 16.1 The Human Reproductive Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 When Meiosis Goes Wrong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 Section 16.2 The Male Reproductive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 Hernias. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 Section 16.3 The Female Reproductive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 The Pelvic Floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .505 Section 16.4 Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Birth . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 Twins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 Egg Freezing as a Solution for Infertility . . . . . . . . . . . 519 Section 16.5 Disorders and Diseases of the Reproductive Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520 Genetic Research and Cancer Treatment Breakthroughs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 Appendix A English-Metric Conversion Factors . . . . 530 Appendix B Anatomy and Physiology Word Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 Appendix C Common Medical Abbreviations . . . . . . 537 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560