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Replacing an Inner Tie Rod. . . . . . . . 475
Replacing a Center Link . . . . . . . . . 475
Replacing a Rack-and-Pinion Gearbox . . . 476
Replacing a Parallelogram Steering
Gearbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
Replacing a MacPherson Strut . . . . . . 476
Replacing a Modified MacPherson fi
Strut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
Replacing a Coil Spring—Short/
Long Arm Suspension . . . . . . . . . 477
Replacing a Coil Spring—Solid
Rear Axle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Replacing a Control Arm. . . . . . . . . 478
Replacing a Steering Knuckle . . . . . . . 478
Replacing a Leaf Spring . . . . . . . . . 479
Replacing a Stabilizer Bar and Links . . . . 479
Removing and Installing a Steering
Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Wheel and Tire Service. . . . . . . . . . 480
Servicing Tapered Roller Bearing
Wheel Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Removing and Installing Sealed
Wheel Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Removing and Installing a Tire . . . . . . 481
Balancing a Tire and Wheel. . . . . . . . 482
Alignment . . . 482
Wheel Alignment Angles. . . . . . . . . 484
Alignment Procedures . . . . . . . . . . 486
Installing Control Heads . . . . . . . . . 487
Measuring Actual Alignment Values. . . . 487
Adjusting Alignment Angles . . . . . . . 488
CHAPTER
20
Electrical System 495
Introduction . . . 496
Basic Electricity . . . 496
Units of Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . 496
Ohm’s Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
Electrical Components and Circuits . . . . 497
Circuit Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Basic Electrical Parts . . . 498
Wire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Wire Terminals and Connectors . . . . . . 498
Switches and Relays. . . . . . . . . . . 499
Fuses, Fusible Links, and Circuit
Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Basic Electrical Systems . . . 500
Battery, Charging System, and
Starting System . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Lighting System . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Horn System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Windshield Wiper and Washer
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
Power Accessory Systems . . . . . . . . 504
Basic Electrical Tests and Service
Operations . . . 506
Using a Test Light . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Using a Jumper Wire . . . . . . . . . . 508
Digital Multimeter . . . . . . . . . . . 508
Using Wiring Diagrams . . . . . . . . . 509
Wiring Repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Electrical System Service . . . 510
Battery and Alternator Service . . . . . . 510
Lighting System Service . . . . . . . . . 512
Aiming Headlights . . . . . . . . . . . 513
Horn Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
Windshield Wiper and Washer
Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
Power Accessory Service . . . . . . . . . 515
CHAPTER
21
Brakes 519
Introduction . . . 520
Brake System Operation . . . 520
Brake System Parts . . . 521
Brake Fluid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Master Cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
Brake Lines and Hoses. . . . . . . . . . 522
Drum Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Disc Brakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
Anti-Lock Brake System . . . . . . . . . 525
Traction Control and Electronic
Stability Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 526
Regenerative Brakes. . . . . . . . . . . 527