xviii Glass Removal and Installation Tools ..........304 Glass Repair Materials ......................................306 Glass Service ......................................................307 Broken Glass Clean Up .....................................308 Rolling Glass .......................................................308 Sliding Glass .......................................................309 Hinged Glass ......................................................309 Turning Glass .....................................................309 Bolted Fixed Glass .............................................310 Rubber-Set Glass, No Locking Strip ................310 Rubber-Set Glass, Locking Strip ...................... 311 Urethane-Set Glass............................................. 311 Encapsulated Glass ............................................314 Leak Checks ........................................................314 SECTION 3 Structural Repairs CHAPTER 14 Unibody/Frame Straightening Equipment 319 Introduction .......................................................320 Pulling Equipment ............................................320 Pulling Chain ......................................................320 Chain Hooks .......................................................321 Tie-Downs ...........................................................321 Hookups ..............................................................325 Hydraulic Rams .................................................329 Pulls .....................................................................331 Tower Pull ...........................................................331 Vector Pull ...........................................................332 Swing Arm Pull ..................................................332 Frame Machine Types ......................................334 Portable Systems ................................................334 Floor Pot System ................................................335 Frame Bench .......................................................336 Frame Rack .........................................................337 Bench/Rack ........................................................337 Floor Rail System ...............................................338 CHAPTER 15 Measurements 343 Introduction .......................................................344 Linear Measurements .......................................344 One-Dimensional Measurements ..................347 Measuring Tools for One-Dimensional Measurements .................................................350 Two-Dimensional Measurements ..................351 Measuring Tools for Two-Dimensional Measurements .................................................352 Three-Dimensional Measurements ...............357 Measuring Tools for Three-Dimensional Measurements .................................................357 Damage Diagram ..............................................365 CHAPTER 16 Unibody Straightening 369 Introduction .......................................................370 Basic Unibody Straightening Operations ....370 Tear Down ...........................................................370 Identify Damage ................................................370 Plan ......................................................................371 Tie-Downs ...........................................................372 Hookups ..............................................................374 Straightening Damage ......................................374 Stress Relief .........................................................379 Straightening Specifi c Types of Unibody Damage ............................................................382 CHAPTER 17 Full-Frame Repair 397 Introduction .......................................................398 Basic Frame Straightening Operations .........398 Damage Analysis ...............................................398 Part Removal ......................................................399 Tie-Downs ...........................................................400 Hookups ..............................................................404 Pulls .....................................................................408 Pushes .................................................................. 411 Stress Relief ......................................................... 411 Repairing Specifi c Types of Frame Damage ...........................................................412 Repairing Buckles ..............................................413 Repairing a Rolled Rail .....................................416 Repairing a Collapsed Cross Member ............416 Repairing Widening ..........................................417 Repairing Sidesway ...........................................417