xx Wheel and Tire Service ....................................480 Servicing Tapered Roller Bearing Wheel Bearings ............................................................480 Removing and Installing Sealed Wheel Bearings ............................................................481 Removing and Installing a Tire ........................481 Balancing a Tire and Wheel ..............................482 Alignment ...........................................................482 Wheel Alignment Angles ..................................484 Alignment Procedures ......................................486 Installing Control Heads ...................................487 Measuring Actual Alignment Values ..............487 Adjusting Alignment Angles ...........................488 CHAPTER 20 Electrical System 495 Introduction .......................................................496 Basic Electricity ..................................................496 Units of Electricity .............................................496 Ohm’s Law ..........................................................496 Electrical Components and Circuits ................497 Circuit Problems ................................................498 Basic Electrical Parts .........................................498 Wire ......................................................................498 Wire Terminals and Connectors ......................498 Switches, Relays, and Solenoids ......................499 Fuses, Fusible Links, and Circuit Breakers ....500 Motors .................................................................500 Basic Electrical Systems ...................................500 Battery, Charging System, and Starting System ..............................................................501 Lighting System .................................................501 Horn System .......................................................503 Windshield Wiper and Washer Systems.........504 Power Accessory Systems ................................504 Basic Electrical Tests and Service Operations ......................................................506 Using a Test Light ..............................................507 Using a Jumper Wire .........................................508 Digital Multimeter .............................................508 Using Wiring Diagrams ....................................509 Wiring Repairs....................................................509 Electrical System Service ................................. 511 Battery and Alternator Service ......................... 511 Lighting System Service....................................512 Aiming Headlights ............................................513 Horn Service .......................................................514 Windshield Wiper and Washer Service ..........514 Power Accessory Service ..................................515 How to Use a Scan Tool ....................................515 CHAPTER 21 Brakes 519 Introduction .......................................................520 Brake System Operation ..................................520 Brake System Parts ...........................................521 Brake Fluid ..........................................................521 Master Cylinder .................................................522 Brake Lines and Hoses ......................................522 Drum Brakes .......................................................523 Disc Brakes ..........................................................524 Valves ...................................................................524 Anti-Lock Brake System ...................................525 Traction Control and Electronic Stability Systems ............................................................526 Regenerative Brakes ..........................................527 Brake System Repair ........................................527 Servicing Worn Components ...........................527 Disconnecting a Brake Line or Hose ...............528 Moving a Brake Line .........................................528 Replacing a Brake Line......................................529 Replacing a Brake Hose ....................................529 Brake Bleeding ...................................................529 Servicing Drum Brakes .....................................530 Servicing Disc Brakes ........................................531 Inspecting ABS Components ...........................532 CHAPTER 22 Cooling, Heating, and Air Conditioning Systems 535 Introduction .......................................................536 Cooling System ..................................................536 Cooling System Parts ........................................536 Cooling System Damage ...................................539 Cooling System Service .....................................541 Heating System ..................................................544 Heating System Parts ........................................544 Heating System Damage ..................................544