Table of Contents 7
Starting and Charging System Testers 52
Scopes 52
Scope Sampling Rates; Handheld Engine Analyzers
Exhaust Gas Analyzers 53
Dynamometers 54
Input Sensor and Output Device Testers 54
Input Sensor Testers; Input Sensor Simulators; Output
Device Testers; Idle Control Motor Testers; Ignition
Module Testers; Glow Plug Circuit Testers
Service Information 55
Service Manuals; Schematics; Troubleshooting
Charts; Technical Service Bulletins; Manufacturer
Hotlines; Internet-Based Resources
Chapter 4
Automotive Formulas
and Vehicle Driveability Evaluation . . . . . . . 63
Automotive Formulas 64
Horsepower; Gross and Net Horsepower Ratings;
Kilowatts; Torque; Thermal and Mechanical
Efficiency; Practical Efficiency; Volumetric
Efficiency; Engine Displacement; Compression
Ratio; Obtaining Electrical Properties; Temperature
Conversion Formulas
Vehicle Driveability Evaluation 67
Objective Evaluation; Subjective Evaluation;
Vehicle and System Performance; Component
Measurements; Process of Elimination
Assessing Performance 69
Driver Assessments; Technician Assessments;
Mandated Assessments
Chapter 5
Fundamentals of Engine Construction
and Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Four-Stroke Cycle Engine Operation 74
Engine Components 74
Engine Block; Pistons and Rings; Connecting Rods
and Crankshaft; Cylinder Heads; Valves and Related
Components; Valve Train; Vibration Damper;
Balance Shafts
Engine-Related Systems
That Can Affect Driveability 80
Cooling System; Lubrication System; Gaskets, Seals,
and Sealant
Chapter 6
Electricity and Electronics Fundamentals . . . 93
Electricity and Electronics Basics 94
Atoms and Electricity; Electrical Measurements;
Direct and Alternating Current; Types of Electrical
Circuits; Circuit Defects; Electromagnetism;
Frequency
Automotive Electronics 98
Vehicle Wiring; Circuit-Protection Devices; Terminal
and Junction Blocks; Switches; Solenoids and
Relays; Motors; Resistors and Resistance Heaters;
Capacitors
Semiconductor Electronic Components 104
Semiconductor Materials; Other Electronic
Components; Integrated Circuits; Static Electricity;
Electromagnetic Interference
Vehicle Starting and Charging Systems 108
Battery; Starting System; Charging System
Integrated Starter/Alternator 111
Anti-Theft Systems 113
Early Systems; Recent Systems
Chapter 7
Computer Control Fundamentals . . . . . . . . 117
Electronic Engine Control Systems 118
Electronic Control Module 118
Multiple ECMs; Main Control Modules; Thirty-
Two-Bit ECM; ECM Communications; ECM Internal
Components; Specific Functions of Computer
Control Systems
Input Sensors 123
Types of Sensors; Atmospheric Sensors; Engine
Sensors; Knock Sensors; Oxygen Sensors; Drive
Train Sensors; Accessory Equipment Sensors; Virtual
Sensors
Output Devices 134
Solenoids; Electric Motors; Electronic Output
Devices
Control Loop Operation 135
Data Link Connector 137
On-Board Diagnostics Generation One
(OBD I) 138
On-Board Diagnostics Generation Two
(OBD II) 138
OBD II ECM; OBD II PROMs; OBD II ECM
Diagnostic Testing; Trouble Codes; Malfunction
Indicator Light; Data Link Connector Location and
Design; Failure Types; Freeze Frame and Failure
Record