xvi Tire Rating Information ................................................. 617 Tire Quality Grading ........................................................ 618 Special Service Tires........................................................ 619 Tire Pressure ...................................................................... 620 Tire Rotation...................................................................... 621 Tire Runout and Balance ............................................... 621 Tire Speed and Load Precautions ............................... 622 Chapter 28 Wheel Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . .627 Purpose of Wheel Alignment .................................. 627 Wheel Alignment Angles ........................................... 627 Types of Wheel Alignment ............................................ 627 Alignment Measurement Values ................................. 628 Caster ................................................................................... 628 Camber ................................................................................ 629 Steering Axis Inclination ............................................... 630 Toe ........................................................................................ 633 Slip Angles.......................................................................... 634 Steering Geometry ......................................................... 635 Alignment Adjustments ................................................. 635 Setting Steering Angle Sensor Zero Point ................ 635 Chapter 29 Air Conditioning and Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639 Principles of Refrigeration ........................................ 639 What Is Cooling? .............................................................. 639 Effects of Heat ................................................................... 640 Transference of Heat ....................................................... 640 States of Matter ................................................................ 641 Types of Refrigerant ...................................................... 642 R-134a .................................................................................. 642 R-1234yf .............................................................................. 642 Carbon Dioxide (R-744) ................................................. 643 Refrigerant Pressure-Temperature Relationships ..................................................................... 643 How a Refrigeration System Works .................................................................... 644 Types of Refrigeration Systems .................................... 645 Major Components of the Air Conditioning System ............................. 645 Compressor ........................................................................ 645 Condenser .......................................................................... 648 Refrigerant Flow Restrictor ........................................... 649 Evaporator .......................................................................... 650 Blower Motor ..................................................................... 651 Lines and Hoses ................................................................ 652 Receiver-Dehydrator ....................................................... 652 Accumulator ...................................................................... 653 Evaporator Pressure Controls ...................................... 654 Service Valves .................................................................... 655 Refrigerant Oil .................................................................. 656 Refrigerant Handling Precautions ....................... 656 Retrofitting .......................................................................... 656 Heater Systems ................................................................. 657 Auxiliary Coolant Pump ................................................ 658 Air Distribution and Control................................... 658 Rear Seat Heating and Cooling .................................... 660 Cabin Filters ...................................................................... 660 Heating and Air Conditioning Control Systems ............................................................... 660 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667 Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675 Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .722