Chapter 4 HVAC Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals . . . . 63 Electrical Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 Conductors and Insulators | Electrical Measurements | Direct and Alternating Current | Types of Electrical Circuits | Circuit Defects Electromagnetism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Vehicle Wiring and Electrical Components. . . . . . . . .68 Wiring | Wiring Schematics | Circuit Protection Devices | Switches | Solenoids, Relays, and Magnetic Clutches | Motors | Resistors | Capacitors Basic Electrical Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 Electrical Device Not Working | Electrical Device on at All Times Vehicle Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 Semiconductor Materials | Computer Circuits | Control Loops | Main Computer Sections | Computer Diagnostic Outputs Chapter 5 Principles of Refrigeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 The Purpose of Refrigeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Basic Principles of Refrigeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Heat and Cold | Heat Transfer | Change of State | Sensible and Latent Heat | Th e Pressure-Temperature Relationship Refrigeration Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 Th e Two Main Types of Refrigeration Systems | Evaporator | Accumulator | Compressor | Muffl er | Condenser | Receiver-Drier | Filter | Sight Glass | Flow Restrictor | Connecting Lines | Service Fittings | Seals and Gaskets | Which Parts Are Used on Which Systems? | Refrigerants The Refrigeration Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 Cooling Phase—Evaporator | Pressure Increase Phase—Compressor | Heat Transfer Phase— Condenser | Pressure Decrease Phase—Flow Restrictor | Refi geration System Variations | Factors Th at Aff ect System Performance Chapter 6 Refrigerants, Refrigerant Oils, and Related Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Refrigerant Purposes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 Refrigerants and Governmental Regulation . . . . . . . .98 Montreal Protocol | Clean Air Act Types of Refrigerants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 R-134a | R-1234yf | Carbon Dioxide (R-744) | R-12 (Freon) Refrigerant Classifi cation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101 Blended Refrigerants (Azeotropic and Zeotropic Blends) | Drop-in Refrigerants Replacement Refrigerants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 Choosing a Replacement Refrigerant | SNAP Program Refrigerant Oils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 Types of Refrigerant Oil Other Refrigeration System Chemicals. . . . . . . . . . .104 Desiccants | Flushing Compounds | Leak Detector Dyes | Evaporator Surface Cleaners | Refrigeration System Sealers Chapter 7 Hoses, Lines, Fittings, and Seals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Hoses and Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 Hoses | Metal Lines | Combination Hose and Line Assemblies | Hose and Line Attachments | Hose and Line Size Specifi cations Refrigeration System Fittings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 Compression Fittings | Crimp Fittings | Spring Lock Couplings | Screw Type Hose Clamps | Service Fittings Making Hoses, Lines, and Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 Refrigeration Sealing Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 Compressor Shaft Seals | O-Ring Seals | Sealing Washers | Gaskets Chapter 8 Compressors, Clutches, and Drives . . . . . . . . . . 121 Compressor Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 Basic Compressor Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 Types of Compressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 Piston Compressors | Rotary Vane Compressors | Scroll Compressors Compressor Capacity Control Valves . . . . . . . . . . . .130 Compressor Drives and Clutches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130 Compressor Drive | Compressor Clutches | Compressor Clutch Control Systems | Constantly Engaged Compressor Clutch Compressor Makes and Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 Bosch | Calsonic | Chrysler | Frigidaire/Harrison/ Delco Air/Delphi | Ford | Hitachi | Keihin | Matsushita/Panasonic | Mitsubishi | Nihon/ Nihon Radiator | Nippondenso | Sanden/ Sankyo | Seiko-Seki | Seltec | Tecumseh/York | Unicla | Zexel/Diesel Kiki | Older Compressors Chapter 9 Evaporators, Condensers, Accumulators, and Receiver-Driers . . . . . . . . . . 143 Evaporators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144 Evaporator Design and Construction | Types of Evaporators | Parts Attached to the Evaporator Condensers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146 Condenser Design Contents 7