Chapter 15
Electronic Suspension and Steering
Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319
Electronic Suspension and Steering
Problems 320
Checking System Operation
Diagnostic Trouble Code Retrieval 321
Retrieving Trouble Codes Using a Scan
Tool/Retrieving Codes Using Dashboard
Lights/Retrieving Codes Using a Voltmeter
Interpreting Diagnostic Trouble Codes 323
Checking For Electrical Problems 323
Using Diagnostic Charts 325
Inspecting Electronic Suspension
Components 325
Self-Diagnostic Mode/Checking Input
Devices/Testing the Control Module/Checking
Output Devices/Checking Air-Operated
Components/Performing a Height
Check/Checking Hydraulic System Components
Electronic Suspension Component Service 329
Adjusting System Components/Replacing
System Components
Checking Electronic Steering Systems 338
Checking Components
Electronic Steering Component Service 340
Chapter 16
Wheel Alignment Principles . . . . . . .345
The Importance of Alignment 346
Types of Wheel Alignment 346
Two-Wheel Alignment/Four-Wheel Alignment
Wheel Alignment Angles 346
Adjustable Wheel Alignment Angles 346
Camber/Caster/Toe
Steering Wheel Position 351
Nonadjustable Wheel Alignment Angles 351
Steering Axis Inclination/Included
Angle/Setback/Toe-Out on Turns
Angle Interrelation 353
Vehicle Defects Affecting Alignment 354
Defective Parts/Bent Frames and
Cradles/Defective Tires
External Factors Affecting Alignment 354
Road Crown/Road Irregularities/Vehicle
Loading/Acceleration and Braking
Forces/Turning Forces
Alignment Adjustment Devices 356
Shims/Threaded Rods and
Sleeves/Slots/Eccentric Cams/Frame
Straightening
Overview of Adjustments 360
Chapter 17
Wheel Alignment Procedures . . . . . .363
Wheel Alignment Fundamentals 364
Two- and Four-Wheel Alignment/Wheel
Alignment Equipment
Performing Wheel Alignment 366
Question Vehicle’s Driver/Road Test/Pre-
Alignment Checks/Checking Ride
Height/Checking for Worn Parts/Checking Tires
and Wheels/Checking for Underbody
Damage/Set Up the Vehicle for Wheel
Alignment/Curb Weight/Obtain Alignment
Specifications/Install Alignment
Equipment/Lowering the Vehicle/Centering the
Steering Wheel/Locking Brakes/Measuring
Alignment/Adjusting Alignment/Centering the
Steering Wheel after Alignment/Making the
Final Alignment Check/Removing the Vehicle
from the Alignment Rack/Road Testing the
Vehicle
Frame Straightening 388
Chapter 18
Suspension and Steering
Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .393
The Importance of Proceeding Logically 394
Strategy-Based Troubleshooting Procedure 394
Step 1—Verify the Problem/Step 2—Check for
Obvious Problems/Step 3—Determine Which
System or Component is the Most Probable
Cause of the Problem/Step 4—Perform Pinpoint
Tests/Step 5—Check for Related Problems/
Step 6—Correct the Defect/Step 7—Recheck
System Operation/Work Orders
Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH)
Diagnosis 397
Principles of Vibration/Noise/Harshness/
Pinpointing NVH Problems
Chapter 19
ASE Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405
Reasons for ASE Tests 406
Applying for the ASE Tests 406
Preparing for the ASE Tests 408
Taking the ASE Tests 408
Types of ASE Test Questions 410
One-Part Question/Two-Part Question/Negative
Questions/Incomplete Sentence Questions
Test Results 411
Recertification Tests 413
8 Auto Suspension and Steering