Chapter 15
Electronic Suspension and Steering
Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Electronic Suspension and Steering
Problems 320
Checking System Operation
Diagnostic Trouble Code Retrieval 321
Retrieving Trouble Codes Using a Scan Tool/
Retrieving Codes Using Dashboard Lights/
Retrieving Codes Using a Voltmeter
Interpreting Diagnostic Trouble Codes 323
Checking for Electrical Problems 323
Using Diagnostic Charts 325
Inspecting Electronic Suspension
Components 325
Self-Diagnostic Mode/Checking Input Devices/
Testing the Control Module/Checking Output
Devices/Checking Air-Operated Components/
Performing a Height Check/Checking Hydraulic
System Components
Electronic Suspension Component Service 329
Adjusting System Components/Replacing
System Components
Checking Electronic Steering Systems 338
Checking Components
Electronic Steering Component Service 340
Chapter 16
Wheel Alignment Principles . . . . . . . 345
The Importance of Alignment 346
Types of Wheel Alignment 346
Two-Wheel Alignment/Four-Wheel Alignment
Wheel Alignment Angles 346
Adjustable Wheel Alignment Angles 346
Camber/Caster/Toe
Steering Wheel Position 351
Nonadjustable Wheel Alignment Angles 351
Steering Axis Inclination/Included Angle/
Setback/Toe-Out on Turns
Angle Interrelation 353
Vehicle Defects Affecting Alignment 354
Defective Parts/Bent Frames and Cradles/
Defective Tires
External Factors Affecting Alignment 354
Road Crown/Road Irregularities/Vehicle
Loading/Acceleration and Braking Forces/
Turning Forces
Alignment Adjustment Devices 356
Shims/Threaded Rods and Sleeves/Slots/
Eccentric Cams/Frame Straightening
Overview of Adjustments 360
Chapter 17
Wheel Alignment Procedures . . . . . . 363
Wheel Alignment Fundamentals 364
Two- and Four-Wheel Alignment/Wheel
Alignment Equipment
Performing Wheel Alignment 366
Question Vehicle’s Driver/Road Test/Pre-
Alignment Checks/Checking Ride Height/
Checking for Worn Parts/Checking Tires and
Wheels/Checking for Underbody Damage/Set
up the Vehicle for Wheel Alignment/Curb Weight/
Obtain Alignment Specifications/Install
Alignment Equipment/Lowering the Vehicle/
Centering the Steering Wheel/Locking Brakes/
Measuring Alignment/Adjusting Alignment/
Centering the Steering Wheel after Alignment/
Making the Final Alignment Check/Removing
the Vehicle from the Alignment Rack/Road
Testing the Vehicle
Frame Straightening 388
Chapter 18
Suspension and Steering
Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
The Importance of Proceeding Logically 394
Strategy-Based Troubleshooting Procedure 394
Step 1—Verify the Problem/Step 2—Check for
Obvious Problems/Step 3—Determine Which
System or Component Is the Most Probable
Cause of the Problem/Step 4—Perform Pinpoint
Tests/Step 5—Check for Related Problems/
Step 6—Correct the Defect/Step 7—Recheck
System Operation/Work Orders
Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH)
Diagnosis 397
Principles of Vibration/Noise/Harshness/
Pinpointing NVH Problems
Chapter 19
ASE Certification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Reasons for ASE Tests 406
Applying for the ASE Tests 406
Preparing for the ASE Tests 408
Taking the ASE Tests 408
Types of ASE Test Questions 410
One-Part Question/Two-Part Question/Negative
Questions/Incomplete Sentence Questions
Test Results 411
Recertification Tests 413
8 Auto Suspension and Steering