xii Power Steering Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Pressure Development and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . .176 Rack-and-Pinion Power Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182 Conventional Linkage Power Steering . . . . . . . . . . .184 Four-Wheel Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Hydraulic/Electronic Four-Wheel Steering. . . . . . .188 Electromechanical Four-Wheel Steering . . . . . . . . .190 Active Kinematics Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191 Chapter 10 Steering Linkage and Manual Steering Gear Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Checking the Steering System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Steering System Part Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196 Checking Steering Effort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196 Checking Steering Wheels, Columns, and Shafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196 Checking Steering Linkage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197 Checking Steering Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198 Servicing Steering System Components. . . . . . 199 Steering Wheel, Column, and Shaft Service . . . . . .199 Steering Linkage Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203 Manual Steering Gear Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208 Chapter 11 Power Steering and Four- Wheel Steering Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Checking the Power Steering System. . . . . . . . 218 Power Steering System Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . .218 Checking Power Steering Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218 Checking Four-Wheel Steering Systems . . . . . . . . .225 Inspecting Electric Power-Assisted Steering . . . . . .225 Servicing Steering System Components. . . . . . 225 Power Steering Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225 Four-Wheel Steering—Rear Steering Gear Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237 Bleeding and Flushing Power Steering Systems . . .239 Chapter 12 Driveline and Wheel Components . . . . 243 Driveline Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Independent Drive Axles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244 Solid Drive Axles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244 Drive Shafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245 Flexible Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247 Wheel Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Wheel Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249 Hubs and Axle Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254 Wheel Rims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254 Tires. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256 Wheel Fasteners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258 Tire Inflation and Deflation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258 Tire Pressure Monitoring System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259 Chapter 13 Driveline and Wheel Service . . . . . . . . . 265 Checking Drivelines and Wheels . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Inspecting Driveline Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266 Inspecting Wheel Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269 Driveline Component Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Periodic Maintenance of Driveline Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273 CV Axle Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273 Solid Axle Shaft Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276 Drive Shaft Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278 Wheel Component Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Wheel Bearing Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281 Rim Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290 Tire Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290 Wheel Fastener Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294 Replacing Sensors in a Tire Pressure Monitoring System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295 Recalibrating a Tire Pressure Monitoring System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296 Chapter 14 Electronic Suspension and Steering Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Electronic Suspension System Fundamentals . . . 300 FlexRay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300 Electronic Suspension Input Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . .300 Yaw Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301 Electronic Suspension Control Module . . . . . . . . . .302 Electronic Suspension Output Devices . . . . . . . . . .303 Types of Electronic Suspension Systems . . . . . 306 Air-Operated Ride Height Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . .307 Hydraulic Ride Control Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307 Combination Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308 Electronic Steering Control Systems. . . . . . . . . 309 Control System Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311 Control System Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312