Chapter 1 Introduction to Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles . . . . . . . . . 11 The Purpose of Transmissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Transmissions and Transaxles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Fluid Coupling/Torque Converter | Input and Output Shaft s | Planetary Gears | Holding Members | Case and Housings | Oil Pans | Bushings and Bearings | Hydraulic Pump and Pressure Regulator | Hydraulic Control System | Gaskets and Seals | Manual Linkage and Th rottle Linkage | Transmission Fluid | Transmission Fluid Cooler | Transmission Fluid Filter Automatic Transmission Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Hybrid Vehicle Drivetrain Operation Future Transmissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Toroidal or Infi nitely Variable Transmission (IVT) | Electronically Shift ed Manual Transmission Dual Clutch Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Contents Chapter 2 Shop Safety and Environmental Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Carelessness: The Usual Cause of Accidents . . . . . . .36 Types of Accidents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 Maintaining a Safe Workplace | Performing Work Procedures Properly Preventing Environmental Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Preventing Solid Waste Contamination | Preventing Liquid Waste Contamination | Preventing Damage to the Atmosphere | Th e Environmental Protection Agency Chapter 3 Special Service Tools and Service Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Specialty Wrenches and Sockets | Punches and Drift s | Snap Ring Pliers and Picks | Presses | Drivers | Pullers | Spring Compressors | Seal Protectors | Tubing Tools | Alignment Tools | Flywheel Turning and Locking Tools | Organizing Trays | Assembly Lube | Drain Pans | Screw Extractors | Reamers | Lift ing and Holding Equipment | Cleaning Equipment Measuring Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 Pressure Gauges | Size Gauges | Torque Wrenches 6