168 Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology 14. Which thoracic region includes the vertebrae of the neck? A. thoracic B. lumbar C. sacral D. cervical 15. Which thoracic region connects to the ribs? A. thoracic B. lumbar C. sacral D. cervical 16. Which condition causes a lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine? A. osteopenia B. kyphosis C. scoliosis D. lordosis 17. Which of the following is part of the thoracic cage? A. the fibula B. the zygomatic bones C. the sternum D. the pelvic girdle 18. Which of the following is true about the false ribs? A. They do not attach directly to the sternum. B. They do not attach directly to the vertebrae. C. They do not attach directly to anything. D. They do not exist. Thinking Critically 19. Given your knowledge of the intervertebral discs, what activities should a person avoid to promote disc health? Name at least two activities and explain why each should be avoided. 20. The bones of the cranium form a solid case to allow maximum protection for the brain. Would this solid structure be more beneficial to the lungs and offer more protection than the thoracic cage, with its open spaces between each rib? Why or why not? 21. Discuss the five spinal curves and tell why each of the spinal curves is the shape it is. 22. Explain why people who have led sedentary lives tend to “shrink” as they age. 4. The five shape categories of bones are irregular, short, flat, long, and _____. 5. The shaft of a bone is called the _____ the ends of a bone are called the epiphyses. 6. Specialized bone cells that build new bone are called _____. A. osteocytes B. osteoclasts C. osteoblasts D. osteopaths 7. Specialized bone cells that break down bone are called _____. A. osteocytes B. osteoclasts C. osteoblasts D. osteopaths Thinking Critically 8. The microscopic structure of long bones can be compared to a city. Using the following terms, describe what each type of long bone could be compared to in your city (a building, streets running through the city, or a water tower, for example): Haversian canal, lacunae, lamellae, canaliculi. Draw a picture to illustrate. 9. Write a short story about the development of a bone from when it was created and continuing into adulthood. The bone is the main character in the story. Have the bone describe the changes that occur after its development. Include anatomical terms from this chapter in your story. 10. Compare and contrast hypertrophy and atrophy of bones. Include a person’s level of activity in your discussion, and explain what is happening on a cellular level. 11. Remembering the shape categories of bones, discuss their cortical-trabecular bone ratios and relate structure to function. LESSON 4.2 The Axial Skeleton Learning Key Terms and Concepts 12. The three major parts of the axial skeleton are the vertebral column, the thoracic cage, and the _____. 13. The immovable joints that connect the bones of the skull and face are known as _____. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.