Chapter 4 The Skeletal System 169 er 36. The vertebral joints are examples of _____ movable joints. 37. _____ are small sacs filled with synovial fluid that cushion the structures they separate. 38. Three functions of the _____ tissues are to cushion the joints and reduce friction and wear on them. 39. Ligaments connect bone to bone, while _____ connect muscle to bone. Thinking Critically 40. Give reasons why you either would or would not want all of your joints to be ball-and-socket joints. 41. What would be the effect on human function if the bursae and tendon sheaths were not present? 42. In terms of function, explain why tendons and ligaments are made of elastic fibers instead of a more rigid tissue. LESSON 4.5 Common Injuries and Disorders of the Skeletal System Learning Key Terms and Concepts 43. A(n) _____ fracture is one in which the ends of a bone protrude from the skin. 44. A(n) _____ fracture is more common in children than in adults because children’s bones are more flexible than those of adults. 45. _____ fractures are tiny, painful cracks in a bone that result from overuse. 46. The site where a tendon attaches to a bone is known as the _____. 47. Injuries to which of the following can stop the growth of a long bone? A. intervertebral disc B. meniscus C. epiphyseal plate D. sutures 48. A condition that involves reduced bone mass but no fractures is _____. 49. A combination of amenorrhea, disordered eating, and _____, called the female athlete triad, is a dangerous condition that may occur in females who participate in endurance or appearance-related sports. LESSON 4.3 The Appendicular Skeleton Learning Key Terms and Concepts 23. Which structures are part of the appendicular skeleton? A. the head B. the spinal column C. the legs D. the trunk 24. The pectoral girdle consists of the right and left scapula and the right and left _____. 25. The bone in the forearm that attaches on the “little finger” side is the _____. 26. There are _____ bones in each wrist and hand. 27. The _____ is the prominent, upper edge of the hip bone. 28. The longest, strongest bone in the body is the _____. 29. Which of the following is the heel bone? A. talus B. femur C. patella D. calcaneus Thinking Critically 30. If a forensic scientist finds skeletal remains after a house fire, how will she determine whether the individual was a male or female? 31. Using the internet, research the origin of the word appendicular. Then explain why the bones of the appendicular skeleton are so named and how they relate to the axial skeleton. 32. In terms of functionality, why does it make sense that there is only one bone in the upper arm but two in the forearm? 33. How would the function of the body be different if the foot had no arches? LESSON 4.4 Joints Learning Key Terms and Concepts 34. Another term for freely movable joints is _____. 35. The two main types of immovable joints are sutures and _____. Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.