xxi 25.3 Safety in Automated Manufacturing . . . . . . . .447 25.4 Rapid Prototyping Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . .449 25.5 The Future of Automated Manufacturing . . . . .452 Chapter 26 Quality Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 26.1 The History of Quality Control . . . . . . . . . . . .456 26.2 Types of Quality Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457 26.3 Nondestructive Testing Techniques . . . . . . . . .457 26.4 Other Quality Control Techniques . . . . . . . . . .467 26.5 Calibration and Traceability . . . . . . . . . . . . . .467 Chapter 27 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470 27.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .471 27.2 Application of Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing . . . . . . . . . . . .473 27.3 Form Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .475 27.4 Profile Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .476 27.5 Orientation Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .476 27.6 Location Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .477 27.7 Runout Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 27.8 Bonus Tolerancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 Chapter 28 Metal Characteristics . . . . . . . . . 485 28.1 Classifying Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 28.2 Ferrous Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 28.3 Nonferrous Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .493 28.4 High-Temperature Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .496 28.5 Rare Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .497 28.6 Other Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .497 Chapter 29 Heat Treatment of Metals . . . . . . 500 29.1 Heat-Treatable Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501 29.2 Heat Treatment of Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501 29.3 Heat Treatment of Other Metals . . . . . . . . . . 504 29.4 Equipment for Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . 504 29.5 Hardening Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 29.6 Tempering Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 29.7 Case Hardening Low-Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . 508 29.8 Hardness Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .510 29.9 Heat Treatment Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .516 Chapter 30 Metal Finishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 30.1 Quality of Machined Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . .510 30.2 Other Metal Finishing Techniques . . . . . . . . . .523 Chapter 31 Electromachining Processes . . . . 533 31.1 Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM). . . . . . 534 31.2 Electri cal Discharge Wire Cutting (EDWC) . . . 536 31.3 Small Hole EDM Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .537 31.4 Electrochemical Machining (ECM) . . . . . . . . 538 Chapter 32 Nontraditional Machining Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 32.1 Chemical Machining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .542 32.2 Hydrodynamic Machining (HDM) . . . . . . . . . 544 32.3 Waterjet Abrasive Milling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 32.4 Ultrasonic Machining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546 32.5 Electron Beam Machining (EBM) . . . . . . . . . 548 32.6 Laser Beam Machining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .549 Chapter 33 Other Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . 552 33.1 Machining Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .553 33.2 Machining Ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558 33.3 Chipless Machining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .559 33.4 Powder Metallurgy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .562 33.5 High-Energy-Rate Forming (HERF) . . . . . . . . 564 33.6 Cryogenics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .567 Appendix A: Math Review . . . . . . . . 572 Appendix B: Reference Section . . . . 595 Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630 Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642