xx 17.7 Cutting Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307 17.8 Milling Work-Holding Attachments . . . . . . . . 308 17.9 Milling Safety Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312 Chapter 18 Milling Machine Operations . . . . 316 18.1 Vertical Milling Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317 18.2 Vertical Milling Machine Operations . . . . . . . .317 18.3 Horizontal Milling Machine Operations . . . . . .324 18.4 Milling Machine Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 18.5 Cutting a Spur Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335 18.6 Cutting a Bevel Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339 18.7 Thread Milling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342 18.8 Milling Machine Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 18.9 Industrial Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 18.10 High-Velocity Machining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 Chapter 19 Precision Grinding . . . . . . . . . . . 347 19.1 Types of Surface Grinders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 19.2 Work-Holding Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .349 19.3 Grinding Wheels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350 19.4 Cutting Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 19.5 Grinding Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355 19.6 Grinding Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357 19.7 Grinding Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359 19.8 Universal Tool and Cutter Grinder . . . . . . . . . .359 19.9 Sharpening Cutters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359 19.10 Cylindrical Grinding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 19.11 Internal Grinding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366 19.12 Centerless Grinding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367 19.13 Form Grinding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 19.14 Other Grinding Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 Chapter 20 Band Machining and Broaching. . . 372 20.1 Band Machining Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . .373 20.2 Band Blade Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374 20.3 Welding Blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376 20.4 Band Machine Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378 20.5 Band Machining Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 20.6 Band Machine Power Feed . . . . . . . . . . . . . .381 20.7 Other Band Machining Applications . . . . . . . 382 20.8 Troubleshooting Band Machines . . . . . . . . . . 384 20.9 Band Machining Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 20.10 Broaches and Broaching Machines . . . . . . . . 384 20.11 Advantages of Broaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387 Chapter 21 Introduction to CNC Machining. . . 391 21.1 History of CNC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392 21.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Using CNC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392 21.3 CNC Milling Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392 21.4 CNC Turning Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395 21.5 CNC Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398 21.6 CNC Coordinate Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .399 21.7 CNC Movement Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 Chapter 22 CNC Programming Basics. . . . . . 404 22.1 Developing CNC Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 22.2 Programming Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 22.3 CAD and CAM Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 22.4 CNC Programming Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .410 22.5 CNC Modal Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412 Chapter 23 CNC Milling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 23.1 Miscellaneous Function Codes . . . . . . . . . . . .419 23.2 Work-Holding Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .420 23.3 Planning the Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421 23.4 Initial Programming and Preparing the Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423 23.5 Programming the Machining Operations . . . . .425 Chapter 24 CNC Turning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 24.1 Work-Holding Devices for CNC Turning Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .432 24.2 Planning for a CNC Turning Program . . . . . . . 433 24.3 Initial Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .435 24.4 Programming the Machine Operations . . . . . . .435 Chapter 25 Automated Manufacturing . . . . . 441 25.1 Flexible Manufacturing Systems . . . . . . . . . . 442 25.2 Robotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445