Computer Service and Repair, 5th Edition Page 88 (88 of 1024)

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 70 Computer Service and Repair a special software application that allows more than one operating system to be ex- ecuted at the same time. A computer that runs two operating systems at the same time is referred to as a virtual machine or virtual PC. Th e Microsoft application for creating a virtual machine is called Windows Virtual PC. Th ere is also a third-party vendor that markets virtual machine software called VMware. When two operating systems are running at the same time, they must share the CPU and the RAM. Sharing the CPU and RAM negatively impacts computer perfor- mance when compared to a dual-boot or multiple-boot system. Apple Macintosh OS MacOS is the operating system developed by Apple, Inc. to run on their Macintosh line of computer systems. Th e current version is macOS Mojave and was released in September 2018. It includes many popular applications from Apple’s mobile operat- ing system, iOS. Th e macOS Mojave system includes a redesigned app store and dark mode, which is an inverse of the classic white background in the GUI. To understand the feature set behind macOS, one should look at the history of the company. In 1996, Apple purchased a second computer company called Next Computer, which was also founded by Steve Jobs. Th at purchase included rights to the Next operating system known as NextSTEP. MacOS is derived from NextSTEP, which itself was based off the Mach kernel from CMU and the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) of the Unix operating sys- tem. NextSTEP is also the foundation for the operating systems that run other Apple devices such as iOS and watchOS. Because of the common code base behind all of its operating systems, Apple can provide a high level of integration among their various families of products. Macintosh computers tend to have a higher price point than standard, Windows-based PCs. However, they do have more advanced features when it comes to creative work such as graphic design and video production. Often, Macs are not found in traditional offi ce-type work environments, but they are used almost exclu- sively in industries that fi t their creative features. Common Mobile Devices and Operating Systems In general, mobile operating systems are designed for portable devices with limited hardware resources, such as cell phones or smartphones, tablets, and some gaming hardware. Although some mobile operating systems do appear on larger devices, such as laptops and tablets, they are typically designed with limited CPU and memo- ry support. For example, they will not support extensive graphics associated with games or sophisticated graphic design programs, such as some web design software or computer-aided drafting and engineering software. In general, the mobile operat- ing system is designed to provide the widest assortment of popular user applications on limited hardware with a minimal amount of software required to perform a task. Common portable device tasks are Internet access and collaboration activities, such as instant messaging, texting, social media, taking photos, and sharing music and photos. As mobile device operating systems and mobile devices evolve, it will soon be diffi cult to discern between what is considered a mobile device and what is not. Windows Mobile is an operating system developed by Microsoft starting in the mid 1990s to run on mobile devices and pocket computers. At the time of this edition, Windows 10 Mobile is the latest and likely the last version of the product. In 2017, the company ended support for the previous version 8.1 and announced that version 10 was moving into service mode. Th is indicates there would be no further features 1002: 1.1 1002: 1.1 TECH TIP The phrase end-of-life refers to a product that is supplied to consumers that has reached the end of its utility, according to the vendor. In response, the vendor stops marketing and selling the product, and they will eventually end or limit support for it, resulting in fewer or limited updates. 1002: 1.1

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Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 70 Computer Service and Repair a special software application that allows more than one operating system to be ex- ecuted at the same time. A computer that runs two operating systems at the same time is referred to as a virtual machine or virtual PC. Th e Microsoft application for creating a virtual machine is called Windows Virtual PC. Th ere is also a third-party vendor that markets virtual machine software called VMware. When two operating systems are running at the same time, they must share the CPU and the RAM. Sharing the CPU and RAM negatively impacts computer perfor- mance when compared to a dual-boot or multiple-boot system. Apple Macintosh OS MacOS is the operating system developed by Apple, Inc. to run on their Macintosh line of computer systems. Th e current version is macOS Mojave and was released in September 2018. It includes many popular applications from Apple’s mobile operat- ing system, iOS. Th e macOS Mojave system includes a redesigned app store and dark mode, which is an inverse of the classic white background in the GUI. To understand the feature set behind macOS, one should look at the history of the company. In 1996, Apple purchased a second computer company called Next Computer, which was also founded by Steve Jobs. Th at purchase included rights to the Next operating system known as NextSTEP. MacOS is derived from NextSTEP, which itself was based off the Mach kernel from CMU and the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) of the Unix operating sys- tem. NextSTEP is also the foundation for the operating systems that run other Apple devices such as iOS and watchOS. Because of the common code base behind all of its operating systems, Apple can provide a high level of integration among their various families of products. Macintosh computers tend to have a higher price point than standard, Windows-based PCs. However, they do have more advanced features when it comes to creative work such as graphic design and video production. Often, Macs are not found in traditional offi ce-type work environments, but they are used almost exclu- sively in industries that fi t their creative features. Common Mobile Devices and Operating Systems In general, mobile operating systems are designed for portable devices with limited hardware resources, such as cell phones or smartphones, tablets, and some gaming hardware. Although some mobile operating systems do appear on larger devices, such as laptops and tablets, they are typically designed with limited CPU and memo- ry support. For example, they will not support extensive graphics associated with games or sophisticated graphic design programs, such as some web design software or computer-aided drafting and engineering software. In general, the mobile operat- ing system is designed to provide the widest assortment of popular user applications on limited hardware with a minimal amount of software required to perform a task. Common portable device tasks are Internet access and collaboration activities, such as instant messaging, texting, social media, taking photos, and sharing music and photos. As mobile device operating systems and mobile devices evolve, it will soon be diffi cult to discern between what is considered a mobile device and what is not. Windows Mobile is an operating system developed by Microsoft starting in the mid 1990s to run on mobile devices and pocket computers. At the time of this edition, Windows 10 Mobile is the latest and likely the last version of the product. In 2017, the company ended support for the previous version 8.1 and announced that version 10 was moving into service mode. Th is indicates there would be no further features 1002: 1.1 1002: 1.1 TECH TIP The phrase end-of-life refers to a product that is supplied to consumers that has reached the end of its utility, according to the vendor. In response, the vendor stops marketing and selling the product, and they will eventually end or limit support for it, resulting in fewer or limited updates. 1002: 1.1

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Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 69 Chapter 2 Operating Systems Certain fi les are automatically loaded into RAM after a successful user logon. Th ese fi les are generally referred to as startup programs. Th ey will start quickly after they are selected from the Start menu or from a shortcut icon because they are already loaded into RAM. If a program is not a startup program, it will need to be loaded to RAM before it starts, thus causing a short delay in program response when selected. Th e following details Windows 7, Windows 8, and Windows 10 boot sequence: For Windows 7 and 8 1. BIOS performs the POST. 2. BIOS fi nds the boot location via the MBR and loads it into memory. 3. BIOS locates and loads the Windows Boot Manager (bootmgr). For Windows 10 1. Firmware performs the POST. 2. Firmware boot loaders bootstrap the UEFI environment (think mini-OS). 3. Run any SoC vendor, Microsoft, or OEMs UEFI level applications. 4. UEFI fi nds the boot location via the GUID partition table (GPT). 5. UEFI launches the Windows Boot Manager (bootmgr). Common steps Windows 7, 8, and 10 A. Windows Boot Manager reads the BCD fi le and displays the boot menu. B. Windows Boot Manager starts the Windows Boot Loader (winload.exe) when Windows 7, Windows 8, or Windows 10 is selected or if started automatically. C. Th e Windows Boot Manager loads ntoskrnl.exe and hal.dll into memory and scans the registry for device drivers to load. It then passes control to the kernel. D. Th e kernel loads the device drivers and hal.dll and initializes the computer settings using the values stored in the system registry. E. Th e kernel starts the Session Manager (smss.exe), which creates the system environment. F. Th e operating system switches to graphics mode and the winlogon.exe fi le is loaded, thus starting the Logon Manager (winlogon.exe). G. Th e Logon Manager allows the user to begin the logon process. Dual-Boot and Multiple-Boot Systems When two operating systems are installed on a single computer, it is referred to as a dual-boot system. For example, Windows 8 and Windows 10 can both be installed on the same computer, resulting in a dual-boot confi guration. Th e Windows Boot Manager or a third-party boot loader such as GRUB allows the user to select which operating system to start. If no selection is made, the Windows 10 operating system will start by default. You could also confi gure a multiple-boot system, which contains more than two operating systems. For example, you could have Windows 7, Windows 8, and Windows 10 installed on the same computer. You could also add a non-Microsoft operating system, such as Linux. A multiple-boot system is often referred to as a multiboot. Virtual Machine When a computer is confi gured as a dual-boot or multiple-boot system, you can only run one operating system at a time. However, a virtual machine can be created using TECH TIP You can create a dual-boot system with Windows 10 by making a spare partition on your system drive and loading it with any legacy versions of Windows, such as Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, or Windows 8. 1002: 1.3 1001: 3.8

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Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 71 Chapter 2 Operating Systems or support for new hardware added. Th is essentially means the Windows Mobile OS is at the end of its life. Th e Android OS was introduced by Google in 2008 to power mobile phones from various manufacturers and compete with iOS. Th e platform is promoted by the open handset alliance—a group of technology and mobile companies that integrate the Android OS into their products. Chrome OS is another mobile operating system de- veloped by Google. Derived from the Linux operating system, it is designed to run on a range of mobile devices other than smartphones. Perhaps the most important thing to remember when working with mobile de- vices and their respective operating systems is that they are generally not compatible with one another. For example, iPhones manufactured by Apple are likely not going to be able to run Android, Chrome, or Windows Mobile and vice versa. Cloud Computing Cloud computing is accessing a shared pool of resources and specialized services over the Internet. Examples of shared resources and services are storage, application software, instant messaging, e-mail, and database support. Th e term cloud is synon- ymous with the Internet symbol used in network drawings, Figure 2-27. Th e cloud symbol represents the Internet location of a service. Th e cloud-computing concept is not as new as you might think. It has actually been around for many years, even be- fore the term cloud was used. If you have ever used webmail, Facebook, or an online photo sharing or online gaming program, then you have used a cloud-based system. Cloud services have expanded rapidly in recent years because of mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets. Th ese two types of mobile devices do not have suffi cient memory, storage space, or powerful CPUs, which is why the demand for cloud services has increased. Th e cloud provides storage services and the ability to use large software applications, which cannot possibly be installed on the portable device. For example, a mobile user can access the complete Microsoft Offi ce suite via the Internet using a portable device. Th e success of mobile devices depends greatly on cloud computing. Typically, users install the entire software application on their computer. After installation, they have complete access and control over the use and confi guration of the software application. Users can also store fi les on their computer as related to the software application. In a cloud computing setting, the user would install a small software application, or app, which allows the user to access the larger software application on the cloud service. Th e software appears to the user as though it is in- stalled entirely on the PC or portable device, when in reality the software application is installed on the cloud server. A computer with minimal hardware resources that relies on cloud services for software is referred to as a thin client. A thin client de- pends on the cloud-based software application to do most of the work. Th e user has 1001: 1.4, 2.3, 3.8, 3.9 1002: 2.4 Internet Goodheart-Willcox Publisher (server icon) fullvector/Shutterstock.com (workstation icons) RedlineVector/Shutterstock.com Figure 2-27 In most network drawings, the Internet is represented as a cloud.

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