xiii Part 9 Metal Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . .718 Chapter 28 Metal Production, Properties, and Identifi cation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719 28.1 Manufacturing Iron and Steel . . . . . . . . . . . 719 28.2 Iron and Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722 28.3 Phase Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725 28.4 Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . 726 28.5 Identifi cation of Iron and Steel. . . . . . . . . . . 729 28.6 Nonferrous Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738 28.7 Special Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740 28.8 Hard Surfacing Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741 28.9 Soft Surfacing Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741 28.10 Review of Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741 Chapter 29 Heat Treatment of Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745 29.1 Purposes of Heat Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . 745 29.2 Carbon Content of Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748 29.3 Crystalline Structure of Steel. . . . . . . . . . . . 749 29.4 Heat Treating Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751 29.5 Hardening Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755 29.6 Heat Treating Tool Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758 29.7 Heat Treating Alloy Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758 29.8 Heat Treating Cast Irons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758 29.9 Heat Treating Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759 29.10 Heat Treating Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760 29.11 Temperature Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . 760 29.12 Review of Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762 Part 10 Professional Welding . . . . . . . . . . .766 Chapter 30 Inspecting and Testing Welds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767 30.1 Nondestructive Examination (NDE). . . . . . 767 30.2 Destructive Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777 30.3 Laboratory Methods of Testing Welds . . . . 782 30.4 Review of Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788 Chapter 31 Procedure and Welder Qualifi cations. . . . . . . . . 791 31.1 Welding Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791 31.2 Welding Procedure Specifi cations. . . . . . . . 796 31.3 Procedure Qualifi cation Record . . . . . . . . . 797 31.4 Welder Performance Qualifi cations . . . . . . 799 31.5 Methods of Testing Specimens . . . . . . . . . . 801 31.6 Filling Out and Reading a Welding Procedure Specifi cation. . . . . . . . . 811 31.7 Filling Out and Reading a Procedure Qualifi cation Record . . . . . . . . . 815 31.8 Filling Out and Reading a Welder Performance Qualifi cation Test Record . . . 816 Chapter 32 The Welding Shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825 32.1 Welding Shop Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825 32.2 Welding Shop Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826 32.3 Welding Shop Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837 32.4 Welding Shop Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837 32.5 Weld Test Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840 32.6 Repair of Welding Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . 840 32.7 Welding Shop Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840 32.8 Review of Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841 Chapter 33 Getting and Holding a Job in the Welding Industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845 33.1 The Future of the Welding Industry. . . . . . 845 33.2 Welding Occupations and Required Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846 33.3 School Subjects Suggested for Success . . . . 846 33.4 Qualities Sought by Employers . . . . . . . . . . 849 33.5 Finding and Keeping a Job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850 Chapter 34 Technical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857 34.1 Codes and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857 34.2 Inverter Arc Welding Power Sources . . . . . 858 34.3 Flame Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860 34.4 Properties of Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861 34.5 Stresses Caused by Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . 862 34.6 Sheet Metal Gages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862 34.7 Drill Sets and Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862 34.8 Tapping a Thread. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863 34.9 The SI (Metric System) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864 34.10 Temperature Scales and Conversions . . . . . 866 34.11 Safety Data Sheets (SDS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866 34.12 Measuring Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893