xiv Quick Reference General Information Filter Shades for Welding and Cutting . . . . . . . . . . 8 Welding Positions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 ANSI/AWS Standard Welding Symbols . . . . . . . . 49 Shielded Metal Arc Welding Welding Lead Current Capacity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 SMAW Carbon Steel Electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 SMAW Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . 115 SMAW Electrode Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Low-Hydrogen Electrodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 E60XX Electrode Required Amperage. . . . . . . . . 139 E70XX Electrode Required Amperage. . . . . . . . . 139 Effect of Current, Arc Length, and Travel Speed on Beads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Gas Metal Arc Welding GMAW Recommended Electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . 186 GMAW Electrode Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 GMAW Deposition Rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Spray Transfer Transition Currents . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Approximate Machine Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 GMAW Shielding Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Short Circuiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Spray Transfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Selection Based on Base Material . . . . . . . . . . 214 Flow Rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Effect of Current, Arc Length, and Travel Speed on Beads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 GMAW Troubleshooting Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Flux Cored Arc Welding FCAW Electrode Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Approximate Machine Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding GTAW Gas Nozzle Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Tungsten Electrode Color Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Recommended Filler Metals for GTAW . . . . . . . 258 GTAW Recommended Settings for Carbon Steel—DCEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 GTAW Recommended Settings for Stainless Steel—DCEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 GTAW Recommended Settings for Aluminum—AC and HF . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 GTAW Shielding Gases and Current. . . . . . . . . . 277 GTAW Electrode Current Ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 GTAW Troubleshooting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 Plasma Arc Cutting Suggested Orifi ce and Shielding Gases. . . . . . . . 307 Suggested Settings for Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . 311 Suggested Settings for Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . 311 Suggested Settings for Aluminum. . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Oxyfuel Gas Welding and Cutting Oxyacetylene Welding Parameters and Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 Oxyacetylene Cutting Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Brazeable Metals and Conditions for Brazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 Brazeable Metal Combinations and Filler Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 Resistance Welding Recommended Spot Weld Settings for Low-Carbon Steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520 Aluminum Spot Welding Variables. . . . . . . . . . . 525