Chapter 18 Tubes, Transistors, and Amplifiers 281
18.1 VACUUM TUBES 281
Thermionic Emitters 282
Cathodes 282
Diodes 282
Triodes 283
Tetrodes 283
Applied E&E: X-Rays 284
Pentodes 285
Cathode Ray Tubes 286
18.2 TRANSISTORS 287
Field-Effect Transistor (FET) 288
18.3 TRANSISTORS AS AMPLIFIERS 290
Biasing 290
Single Battery Circuit 291
Methods of Bias 292
18.4 AMPLIFIER OPERATION 293
Computing Gain 295
Decibels 295
18.5 TRANSISTOR CIRCUIT CONFIGURATIONS 296
DC Load Line Analysis 297
Classes of Amplifiers 298
Thermal Considerations 299
Transistor Precautions 300
18.6 COUPLING AMPLIFIERS 300
Transformer Coupling 300
RC Coupling 301
Direct Coupling 304
Push-Pull Coupling 304
18.7 THYRISTORS 305
SCR 305
Triac 306
Project 18-1: Building a Sound Controlled Robot 307
Chapter 19 Integrated Circuits 309
19.1 HISTORY OF THE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT 309
19.2 IC CONSTRUCTION 310
Resistors 314
Capacitors 315
Putting It Together 315
Common Types of ICs 315
19.3 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER (OP AMP) 316
Op Amp Gain 317
Comparator Circuit 317
Project 19-1: Building a Voice Recorder 318
Project 19-2: Building an Audio Amplifier 320
19.4 555 TIMER 321
Chapter 20 Digital Circuits 323
20.1 DIGITAL FUNDAMENTALS 324
Binary Numbering System 325
Voltage Logic Levels in Digital Circuits 327
Bits, Nibbles, and Bytes 327
Applied E&E: Computerized Tomography (CT) 329
Table of Contents 11
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