xi Contents Chapter 1 Electrical Safety ................................................... 1 1.1 Standards and Codes................................2 1.2 Personal Hazards ......................................2 1.3 Tools and Meters .......................................5 1.4 Circuit Protection .......................................7 Lab 1.1 Digital Multimeter Owner’s Manual ....9 Lab 1.2 Lockout/tagout Performed by Individual .....................................10 Lab 1.3 Lockout/tagout Performed by Group .......................................... 11 Chapter 2 Electrical Fundamentals ........................................15 2.1 Atomic Theory .........................................16 2.2 Electric Current ........................................17 2.3 Voltage ....................................................18 2.4 Resistance ...............................................18 2.5 Conductors and Insulators ......................19 Lab 2.1 Navigating the Digital Multimeter .....21 Lab 2.2 Distinguishing between Basic Wiring Tools .....................................24 Lab 2.3 Working with Wires ..........................27 Chapter 3 The Simple Circuit ...............................................35 3.1 Circuit Requirements ...............................35 3.2 Open Circuits ...........................................36 3.3 Short Circuits ...........................................36 3.4 Introduction to Reading Schematics .......37 Lab 3.1 Drawing a Simple Circuit ..................39 Lab 3.2 Assembling a Lab Board for a Simple Circuit ...........................40 Lab 3.3 Operating a Simple Circuit ...............42 Chapter 4 Ohm’s Law ..........................................................47 4.1 Ohm’s Law ...............................................48 4.2 Relationship between Electrical Variables ..................................................48 4.3 Application of Ohm’s Law ........................49 4.4 Electrical Power .......................................51 4.5 Application of the Power Equation ...........52 Lab 4.1 Verifying Ohm’s Law through Simple Circuits .................................53 Chapter 5 Types of Circuits ..................................................61 5.1 Series Circuits .........................................62 5.2 Parallel Circuits ........................................64 5.3 Complex Circuits .....................................68 5.4 Residential and Commercial Conductors ..............................................70 Lab 5.1 Series, Parallel, and Complex Circuit Evaluation .............................73 Chapter 6 Alternating and Direct Current ...............................81 6.1 Alternating Current ..................................82 6.2 Direct Current ..........................................86 Lab 6.1 Evaluate the Effects of AC on a Load .........................................89 Chapter 7 Electromagnetic Devices .......................................97 7.1 Electromagnetism ....................................98 7.2 Solenoids ...............................................104 7.3 Relays and Contactors ..........................108 7.4 Transformers ......................................... 111 Lab 7.1 Inductive Reactance and Transformer Evaluation .................. 115 Lab 7.2 Relays ............................................ 119 Lab 7.3 Contactors......................................125 Chapter 8 Capacitors ........................................................129 8.1 The Capacitor and Capacitance ............130 8.2 Effects of DC and AC on Capacitors .....132 8.3 Series and Parallel Capacitors ..............135 8.4 Capacitor Failures ................................136 8.5 Capacitor Testing and Replacement .....136 Lab 8.1 Evaluating Capacitors ....................138 Lab 8.2 Capacitive Reactance ....................140 Lab 8.3 Capacitors in a Rectifier Circuit .....142