xii Chapter 9 Power Distribution .............................................145 9.1 Residential Power ..................................146 9.2 Impedance ............................................. 151 9.3 Apparent and True Power ...................... 151 9.4 Circuit Protection Devices .....................152 9.5 Commercial Power ................................155 Lab 9.1 Checking Residential Power ..........159 Lab 9.2 Apparent and True Power ..............164 Lab 9.3 Checking Three-Phase Voltage .....167 Chapter 10 How Electric Meters Work ...................................171 10.1 The Analog Meter ..................................172 10.2 The Digital Meter ..................................176 10.3 Additional Multimeter Functions ............182 10.4 Test Leads ............................................183 10.5 Specialty Meters ....................................185 10.6 Specifications ........................................185 10.7 Features ................................................188 Lab 10.1 Multimeter Evaluation.....................189 Lab 10.2 Measurement and Accuracy ..........192 Lab 10.3 Multimeter Features .......................196 Chapter 11 Introduction to Practical Circuits ..........................201 11.1 Circuit Structure .....................................202 11.2 Air Conditioner Circuits ..........................208 11.3 Heating System Circuits ........................210 11.4 Refrigeration Circuits ............................. 211 Lab 11.1 Analyzing Circuit by Tracing Voltage ...........................................213 Lab 11.2 Analyzing Circuit by Line, Control, and Load Sections ...........216 Lab 11.3 Simplifying a Pictorial Diagram .....220 Chapter 12 Switches, Electronic Components, and Sensors ......225 12.1 Switches ................................................226 12.2 Electronic Components ........................230 12.3 Sensors and Transducers .....................235 12.4 Application .............................................238 Lab 12.1 Two-Way Lighting ........................... 241 Lab 12.2 Latching Circuit ..............................244 Lab 12.3 Lockout Relay Operation ...............247 Chapter 13 Electric Motors ..................................................251 13.1 Basic Motor Construction ......................252 13.2 Basic Motor Operation ...........................253 13.3 Split-Phase Motors ................................258 13.4 Split-Phase Motor Starting Devices ..................................................262 13.5 Three-Phase Motors .............................264 13.6 Electronically Commutated Motors (ECMs) ...................................................266 13.7 Variable Frequency Drive Motors (VFDs) ...................................................267 13.8 DC Motors .............................................268 13.9 Hermetic Compressor Applications .......269 13.10 Motor Protection ....................................269 Lab 13.1 Split-Phase Motor Analysis ............271 Lab 13.2 Hermetic Compressor Motor ..........275 Lab 13.3 Three-Phase Motor Analysis..........277 Chapter 14 Troubleshooting Printed Circuit Board Control Systems ...........................................................281 14.1 Printed Circuit Board Structure ..............282 14.2 Troubleshooting the PCB.......................286 14.3 Heating System PCB .............................288 14.4 Air Conditioner System PCB .................289 14.5 Communication ....................................291 Lab 14.1 Wiring an Integrated Furnace Controller PCB ...............................293 Lab 14.2 Analyzing the Heat Cycle ..............299 Lab 14.3 Simplifying a Pictorial Diagram .........................................302 Chapter 15 Troubleshooting Overview ...................................309 15.1 AC and Heating System ........................309 15.2 Specifications in Troubleshooting .......... 317 Lab 15.1 Heating System Evaluation ............319 Lab 15.2 Evaluating Heating System Diagnostics ....................................321 Lab 15.3 AC Unit Evaluation .........................323 Glossary ..............................................................327 Index ..................................................................335