vii Section 2 Hydraulic Systems Chapter 6 Hydraulic Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 6.1 Functions of a Hydraulic Fluid . . . . . . . . . 116 6.2 Performance Characteristics of a Hydraulic Fluid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 6.3 Commonly Used Hydraulic Fluids. . . . . . .121 6.4 Hydraulic Fluid Additives. . . . . . . . . . . . . .124 6.5 Hydraulic Fluid Specifications. . . . . . . . . .124 6.6 Handling and Maintaining Hydraulic Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 Chapter 7 Source of Hydraulic Power . . . . 140 7.1 Power Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142 7.2 Basic Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144 7.3 Basic Pump Classifications. . . . . . . . . . . .146 7.4 Pump Design, Operation, and Application . .148 7.5 Additional Design Features of Pumps. . . .161 7.6 Pump and Power Unit Design and Operating Considerations . . . . . . . . .168 Chapter 8 Fluid Storage and Distribution . . . 180 8.1 Reservoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182 8.2 Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186 8.3 Analysis of Circuit and System Operation. . .196 8.4 Interpreting Data Sheets from Manufacturers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198 8.5 Conductor Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198 Chapter 9 Actuators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 9.1 Hydraulic Cylinders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206 9.2 Limited-Rotation Hydraulic Actuators . . . .218 9.3 Hydraulic Motors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222 9.4 Hydrostatic Drives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235 Chapter 10 Controlling the System . . . . . . . 244 10.1 Primary Control Functions in a Hydraulic System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246 10.2 Basic Structure and Features of Control Valves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248 10.3 Valve Operation and Springs, Fluid Pressure, and Fluid Flow . . . . . . . . .252 Contents Section 1 Fluid Power Principles Chapter 1 Introduction to Fluid Power . . . . . . 2 1.1 Definition of Fluid Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 1.2 Fluid Power Industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 1.3 Fluid Power Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 1.4 Historical Perspective of Fluid Power . . . . . .8 Chapter 2 Fluid Power Systems . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.1 Functions of Fluid Power Systems . . . . . . .18 2.2 Structure of Fluid Power Systems. . . . . . . .18 2.3 Basic System Components. . . . . . . . . . . . .19 2.4 Basic System Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Chapter 3 Safety and Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.1 Workplace/Environmental Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 3.2 General Industrial Hazard Control Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 3.3 Specific Fluid Power Safety Factors . . . . . .51 3.4 Safety Requirements and Programs. . . . . .55 Chapter 4 Basic Physical Principles . . . . . . 60 4.1 Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 4.2 Simple Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 4.3 Basic Principles of Mechanics . . . . . . . . . .64 4.4 Mechanical Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . .66 4.5 Principles of Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 4.6 Electricity and Magnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 4.7 Fluid Power Transmission. . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 Chapter 5 Fluid Power Standards and Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 5.1 Evolution of Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 5.2 Fluid Power Symbols and Circuit Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94