32
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
the figures will reflect th
e technical capabilities
of the various operations as well as the cost of
materials. This person needs a sharp mind and
must be able to calculate numbers well.
Plant Manager
The plant manager is responsible for the
plant’s manufacturing operations. Products must
be produced on time, at the lowest possible cost to
the company, and at a level of quality acceptable to
the customer. Another critical concern to the plant
manager is the safety and health of all employees.
The ability to analyze results and understand
people is important.
Plant Superintendent
The plant superintendent directs all
manufacturing operations of the company as well
as first-line supervisors. The plant superintendent
makes sure all equipment is working efficiently and
kept in good condition. The position is high pressure
and requires patience and direct control.
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Sales Manager
The sales manager is responsible for
establishing a profitable sales staff. Among the
zefart/Shutterstock.com
Figure 2-10.
The quality control supervisor ensures that
every aspect of production is within specifications.
Think
Green
Environmental Consultant
As a result of the growing concerns over
environmental issues, the printing industry has
become dedicated to becoming more green. Before
becoming more environmentally compliant, a
company must first be educated about the issues,
as well as discover how that specific company
impacts the environment. Following this, a plan
must be established to address how to reduce the
company’s impact. Frequently, an outside individual
or company is hired to help start the process. It is
the job of an environmental consultant to instruct
and help companies plan on how to reduce their
environmental impact. It is then up to the companies
to implement the plan and work toward helping
the environment. For a printer, an environmental
consultant would take into account the energy
expended to run a printer, the amount and type of
paper used, and even the energy used to light the
space.
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Graphic Communications
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox
Inc..exposure
Using the conversion factors shown, a ream of
coated book stock would be expressed as 100 g/m2, or
67.5 lb (100 × 0.675). A ream of good writing paper
would be listed as 85 g/m2, or 22.61 lb (85 × 0.266).
Paper Thickness
Several types of caliper devices are available for
measuring paper thickness. The paper caliperr or
micrometer is an accurate device used to measure the
thickness of paper. It can also be used to determine
the thickness of a printing plate. See Figure 5-18.
Paper Brightness
Paper is also classified by its brightness, based
on the American Forest and Paper Association
(AFPA) standards. Number 1 quality is the brightest,
reflecting 85%–87.9% of blue light; number 5 qualiit
is classified as having the least brightness, as
shown in Figure 5-19. Within each grade, papers
are offered as virgin or recycled stock. Recycled
stock may not be as bright as virgin stock.
Image Measurement
The rise of desktop publishing in the
communications industry has revolutionized thee
approach to the production of visual images.
The use of computers has replaced many of
the methods previously used in the design of
printed materials. A desktop publishing
consisting of a computer, printer, scanner, and
publishing software, has taken the place of
traditional methods used in operations such
typesetting and color separation. Most of
images found in publications and other media
now produced electronically. Equipment commonly
used in desktop publishing is shown in Fiigure 5-20.
Academic
Link
Converting US Conventional
Measurements to Metric
From time to time, it may be necessary to convert
values from metric to US Conventional format, or
vice versa. Simple multiplication skills are the only
requirement to complete the conversions. A complete
table of conversion factors is provided in Figure 5-3,
but the following are some common conversion factors:
• There is 0.3048 meter in one foot, and 3.281 feet
in one meter.
• There are 25.4 millimeters in one inch, and
0.03937 inch in one millimeter.
• There are 3.7854 liters in one gallon, and
0.2642 gallon in one liter.
• There is 0.04536 kilogram in one pound, and
2.2046 pounds in one kilogram.
For example, to calculate the number of meters
in 12.5 feet, the equation is:
12.5 (number of feet) × 0.3048 (standard conversion
factor) = 3.81 meters
Perform the following conversions on a separate
piece of paper.
1. Six liters to gallons.
2. 105 millimeters to inches.
3. Five kilograms to pounds.
The S. D. Warren
Figure 5-19. AFPA standard grade classifications
finishes of paper. Brightness is measured by thee
of blue light reflected from the paper’s surface.
Quality Brightnesssse
Number 1
Number 2
Number 3
Number 4
Number 5
85.0 to 87.998
83.0 to 84.99.
79.0 to
73.0 to 78.99
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Graphic Communications
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
5500 K regardless of flash duration or intensity.
If the color temperature shifts during exposure, it
affects the gray balance of the resulting image.
When this occurs, color correction may be
necessary using image-editing software. For this
it is not practical to shoot with three- or
four-exposure RGB image-capture cameras under
variable daylight conditions.
Handheld digital cameras
designed for single-
use have much more flexibility in terms of
their lighting requirements. Moderately expensive
field cameras have built-in flash-synchronized
connections that simplify use with a variety of
electronic flash equipment. Focal plane shutters
permit a range of flash-synchronized shutter
speeds and make it possible to combine multiple
light sources for a single exposure. Many of these
cameras provide an electronic bias for often-used
light sources such as electronic flash, daylight,
tungsten, and fluorescent.
Less expensive point-and-shoot digital cameras
include built-in electronic flash capability. This
feature enables them to provide greater consistency
under variable shooting conditions including
daylight, tungsten light, and fluorescent light. Since
the flash is designed to be
the primary light source,
off-color secondary lighting is less detrimental to
good grayscale.
When shooting in JPEG format, you must
calculate and compensate for white balance. White
balance cannot be corrected using in-photo editing
software. On the other hand, RAW format does not
have white balance issues. Because all of the data
is captured, this can easily be adjusted in the photo
editing program.
Gray Cards
Used as a reference for middle gray in
photography, the
gray card
serves as a great tool d
for helping with the lighting and exposure,
Figure 10-77.
7 When shooting in RAW, if you take a shot with the gray
card in each lighting setting of a shoot, the images can
be batch processed by correcting that image in the
photo editing software.
Career
Link
Digital Photographer
Each camera operator has a desired outcome
when shooting an image. It may be to record an
event, tell a story, or create a picture. This requires
the operator to select the proper equipment to
accomplish the desired goal. Achieving the proper
effect, such as subject enhancement, is essential.
Lighting is often a major consideration. Some of
the common positions of camera operators are
portrait photographers, commercial and industrial
photographers, news photographers, and studio
camera operators.
The operator must be technically proficient.
There is a great emphasis on creativity, imagination,
and self-expression. When using a digital camera,
the images are saved onto memory cards and then
transferred to a computer or the cloud. The operator
must be familiar with editing software. While the
photographer can manipulate digital images to
create the desired outcome, using the proper
settings when taking the shot is more efficient and
effective.
The operator must have a technical
understanding of photography and camera
operation. The training for the necessary skills
may be acquired at technical schools, colleges,
universities, and specialty schools. On-the-job
training is a possibility at some firms.
“Advancements in the prepress area have had
a profound effect on graphic designers, illustrators,
and photographers, all of whom now work on
computer screens instead of drawing boards. From
the creative stages to the print-ready file, our world
is now digital.”
Frank Romano
Rochester Institute of Technology
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Graphic Communications
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
102
Summary
• The two most commonly used systems of measurement today are the
US Conventional system and the SI Metric system.
• The metric system is the most commonly used system of weights and Th
easures in the world. mea
• of measure most commonly used for sizes of type in English- The unnits
ng countries are the point and pica, known as the point system. speaking
• are designated in length and width dimensions and are Paper sizzes
either inches or metric units. given in
• rades of paper are classified by their basis weight. Paper is also Most gra
sured by its thickness and brightness. measu
• Desktop publishing systems have taken the place of traditional Des
methods used in operations such as typesetting and color separation.
• Measuring scales, screen tints, and process cameras are used to
enlarge or reduce images.
Review Questions
Answer the following questions using the information in this chapter.
1. Name the two most commonly used systems of measurement.
2. What are the standard units for length and mass in the SI Metric
system?
3. List five common metric prefixes.
4. Which of the following is an incorrect metric notation?
A. 33 mm.
B. 0.39 km.
C. 34,000 km.
D. 42 kPa.
5. Convert the following values:
A. One inch = _____ millimeters
B. 12 meters = _____ yards
C. 10 quarts = _____ liters
D. 12 milliliters = _____ fluid ounces
E. 400 pounds = _____ kilograms
F. 25 meters/second = _____ feet/second
G. 68°F = _____ °C
6. A point measures approximately _____ of an inch.
7. The pica is approximately _____ of an inch.
8. What device is commonly used to measure the point size of type?
9. The amount of vertical space between lines of type is called _____.
10. A ream of bond/book paper consists of _____ sheets.
103 Chapter 5 ∣ Applied Math
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
11. Name four common grades of paper.
12. List the three ISO series for paper and envelopes and the uses for
each series.
13. What is the basis weight of paper? t
14. List four components of a typical desktop publishing system.m.
15. Image resolution is measured in ______ or ______.
16. Screen sizes below 75 lines are considered ______, while sizes
above 150 lines are considered _____.
17. A screen angle of _____ degrees is normally used for the color
black when making color separations.
18. Why must each color separation screen angle be set differently?
19. A 10% screen tint would result in _____ ink deposited than a
20% tint.
20. Name the two types of densitometers.
21. What measuring device is used to determine color values?
Suggested Activities
1. Using an E gauge, measure the size by matching at six different
sizes of the letter E.
2. Convert the following linear measurements to metric units: 10 inches,
3 feet, 12 yards, and 60 miles.
3. Look at labels found on paper cartons, cans, tubes, and printing
plates and list the US Conventional and metric measurement found
on each unit.
4. List the applications of mathematics in the printing industry.
Summaries provide
an additional review
tool for you and
reinforce key learning
objectives.
Academic
Link uses k
questions and
activities to
relate chapter
content to
math, science,
and history.
Career Link ks highlight career
opportunities e in the graphic
communications t industry. Helpful
quotes from m industry experts are
included in each e link.
Review
Questions
allow you to
demonstrate
knowledge,
identification, and
comprehension of
chapter material.
Think Green
features touch on
chapter-related
topics and give
an example of
how the industry
is working toward
making products
and processes
safer for the
environment.
Suggested e Activities at the end
of each h chapter help you apply
chapter concepts to real-life
situations o and develop skills related
to the content. c
s f
le
th
et
ite
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