8.5 Decimal Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 8.6 Measuring Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . 124 8.7 Angles and Degrees of a Circle . . . . 131 8.8 Temperature Scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 8.9 Using Percent for Profit Margin . . . . . 133 8.10 Rearranging Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . 134 C H A P T E R 9 Basic Thermodynamic Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 9.1 Refrigeration and Heat Movement . . 137 9.2 Molecular Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 9.3 Physical States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 9.4 Sensible Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 9.5 Specific Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 9.6 Latent Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 9.7 Ton of Refrigeration Effect . . . . . . . . 147 C H A P T E R 1 0 Temperature and Pressure . . . . 151 10.1 Temperature and Pressure . . . . . . . . 151 10.2 What Is Temperature? . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 10.3 Measuring Temperature . . . . . . . . . . 152 10.4 Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . 154 10.5 Absolute Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 10.6 Gauge Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 10.7 Gas Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 10.8 Saturation Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 C H A P T E R 1 1 Basic Refrigeration Cycle . . . . . 167 11.1 The Basic Refrigeration System . . . . 167 11.2 Refrigeration System Components . . 167 11.3 Variations in Basic Refrigeration Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 C H A P T E R 1 2 Other System Components . . . 191 12.1 Evaporating and Condensing Units . . . 191 12.2 Liquid Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ⤀ 192 12.3 Service Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ⤀ 195 12.4 The Gauge Manifold . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 12.5 Filter-Driers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 12.6 Sight Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 12.7 Sight Glass with Moisture Indicator . . . 212 12.8 Heat Exchanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 12.9 Accumulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 C H A P T E R 1 3 Refrigerants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 13.1 What Are Refrigerants? . . . . . . . . . . 217 13.2 Brief History of Refrigerants . . . . . . . 218 13.3 Halide Refrigerants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 13.4 Hydrocarbon (HC) Refrigerants. . . . . 220 13.5 Naming Refrigerants . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 13.6 Refrigerant Numbering System . . . . . 221 13.7 Azeotropic Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 13.8 Inorganic Refrigerants . . . . . . . . . . . 222 13.9 Refrigerant Cylinder Colors . . . . . . . 223 13.10 Selecting a Refrigerant . . . . . . . . . . . 223 13.11 Refrigerant Applications . . . . . . . . . . 236 C H A P T E R 1 4 Zeotropic Blends . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 14.2 Pure Refrigerants, Mixtures, and Blends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 14.3 Fractionation and Temperature Glide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 14.4 Retrofit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 14.5 Lubricants for Zeotropes . . . . . . . . . . 246 14.6 Zeotropic Blends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 14.7 System Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 14.8 Retrofit Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 C H A P T E R 1 5 Refrigerant Recovery and Recycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 15.1 Ozone Depletion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 15.2 Montreal Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 15.3 The Clean Air Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 15.4 The “Three Rs:” Recover, Recycle, Reclaim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 15.5 Safe Disposal Requirements . . . . . . 264 15.6 Record-Keeping Requirements . . . . 265 15.7 Hazardous Waste Disposal . . . . . . . 265 15.8 Certification Requirements . . . . . . . . 265 15.9 Recovery Requirements . . . . . . . . . . 267 15.10 Recovery Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 15.11 Recycle Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 15.12 Capture Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 xv