C H A P T E R 1 6 System Evacuation, Leak Detection, and Recharging . . . . 281 16.1 System Evacuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 16.2 Leak Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ⤀ 288 16.3 Refrigerant Cylinders . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 16.4 Pressure-Temperature Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 16.5 Charging Refrigerant into a System . . . 304 C H A P T E R 1 7 Working with Metering Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 17.1 Automatic Expansion Valves (AEVs) . . 314 17.2 Capillary Tube Metering Devices . . . 316 17.3 Metering Orifices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 17.4 Thermostatic Expansion Valves (TEVs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 17.5 Electronic Expansion Valves (EEVs). . . 329 17.6 Multiple-Evaporator Systems . . . . . . 334 C H A P T E R 1 8 Special-Purpose Valves . . . . . . 337 18.1 Hand Shut-Off Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 18.2 Check Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 18.3 Evaporator Pressure Regulators (EPRs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 18.4 Solenoid Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 18.5 Crankcase Pressure Regulators (CPRs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 18.6 Hot Gas Bypass Valves . . . . . . . . . . 348 18.7 Desuperheating Thermostatic Expansion Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 18.8 Controlling Head Pressure . . . . . . . . 353 18.9 Brazing Valves to Tubing . . . . . . . . . 356 C H A P T E R 1 9 Troubleshooting Refrigerant Flow Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 19.1 The Troubleshooting Process . . . . . . 359 19.2 Troubleshooting the AEV . . . . . . . . . 359 19.3 Troubleshooting a Capillary Tube System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 19.4 Troubleshooting the TEV . . . . . . . . . 365 19.5 Troubleshooting Multiplexed Evaporators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 19.6 Troubleshooting the EEV. . . . . . . . . . 368 19.7 Using Hand Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 19.8 Troubleshooting EPRs . . . . . . . . . . . 369 19.9 Troubleshooting Solenoid Valves . . . 370 19.10 Troubleshooting Head Pressure Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 19.11 Troubleshooting Hot-Gas Bypass Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 C H A P T E R 2 0 Compressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 20.1 What Is a Compressor? . . . . . . . . . . 373 20.2 Types of Compressors . . . . . . . . . . . 373 20.3 Compressor Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 C H A P T E R 2 1 Compressor Lubrication and Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 21.1 Refrigeration Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . 391 21.2 Types of Refrigeration Lubricants . . . 393 21.3 Compressor Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . 394 21.4 Oil Separators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 21.5 Adding Oil to a Compressor . . . . . . . 398 21.6 Removing Oil from a Compressor . . 400 21.7 Testing Oil for Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 21.8 Determining Compressor Capacity . . . 402 21.9 Volumetric Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . .403 21.10 Compressor Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 21.11 Compressor Mounting . . . . . . . . . . . 407 21.12 Compressor Data Plates . . . . . . . . . . 410 C H A P T E R 2 2 Water Chillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 22.1 What Are Chillers? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 22.2 Vapor-Compression Chillers . . . . . . . 416 22.3 Lithium Bromide Absorption Chiller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 22.4 Ammonia Absorption-Type Refrigerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 C H A P T E R 2 3 What Is Electricity? . . . . . . . . . . 435 23.1 Understanding Electricity . . . . . . . . . 435 23.2 Ohm’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 23.3 Power and Watts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 23.4 Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 23.5 Direct Current (DC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 23.6 Alternating Current (AC) . . . . . . . . . . 456 23.7 Polyphase Generation . . . . . . . . . . . 457 xvi