x Chapter 16 ■ Hydraulic Systems ..........................................................................294 16.1 Basic Hydraulic System ............................296 16.2 Reservoirs and Pumps ..............................296 16.3 Valves and Valve Actuators ........................304 16.4 Cylinders and Motors ................................311 16.5 Basic Circuits ..........................................316 Chapter 17 ■ Pneumatic Systems ........................................................................322 17.1 Air Treatment ...........................................324 17.2 Compressors and Motors ...........................327 17.3 Receivers and Distribution Systems ...........330 17.4 Valves and Symbols ..................................332 17.5 Cylinders .................................................334 17.6 Flow Control and Basic Circuits .................338 Chapter 18 ■ Advanced Fluid Power ....................................................................344 18.1 Manifolds and Valves ................................346 18.2 PLCs, PACs, and Grafcet ...........................356 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS Chapter 19 ■ Fundamentals of Electricity .............................................................366 19.1 Atoms and Subatomic Particles .................368 19.2 Static Electricity ......................................368 19.3 Coulomb’s Law of Charges ........................369 19.4 Conductors and Insulators .........................369 19.5 Basic Electrical Circuits ............................370 19.6 Types of Circuits ......................................372 19.7 Magnetism ..............................................373 Chapter 20 ■ Ohm’s Law, Kirchhoff’s Laws, and the Power Equation .......................378 20.1 Ohm’s Law ..............................................380 20.2 Total Resistance of Multiple Resistor Networks .................................................383 20.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws ......................................386 20.4 Complex Circuits ......................................391 20.5 The Power Equation .................................393 Chapter 21 ■ Electrical Test and Measurement Equipment ....................................398 21.1 Electrical Safety ......................................400 21.2 Field Testing and Bench Testing ................403 21.3 Electrical Measurement Tools ....................403 21.4 Calibration ..............................................416 Chapter 22 ■ Alternating Current .........................................................................420 22.1 Principles of Alternating Current ................422 22.2 Reactance ...............................................424 22.3 RL Circuits ..............................................425 22.4 RC Circuits ..............................................429 22.5 RLC Circuits ............................................431 22.6 Three-Phase Alternating Current ................433 Chapter 23 ■ Electrical Components and Circuit Materials ....................................440 23.1 Resistors .................................................442 23.2 Capacitors ...............................................443 23.3 Circuit Boards ..........................................446 23.4 Fuses and Circuit Breakers ........................447 23.5 Relays .....................................................451 23.6 Wire ........................................................452 23.7 Cable ......................................................453 23.8 Methods of Termination ............................454 Chapter 24 ■ Transformers ..................................................................................462 24.1 Transformer Theory ...................................464 24.2 Transformer Ratios ...................................465 24.3 Transformer Power....................................467 24.4 Transformer Losses ...................................467 24.5 Transformer Effi ciency ..............................468 24.6 Transformer Ratings .................................468 24.7 Multiple Windings and Transformer Taps .....469 24.8 Transformer Polarity and Phasing.............470 24.9 Specialized Transformers ........................473 24.10 Three-Phase Transformers .......................475 24.11 Troubleshooting .....................................481