xi Chapter 25 ■ Motors, Generators, and Alternators ................................................486 25.1 Motor Specifi cations .................................488 25.2 Alternating Current Motors ........................489 25.3 Direct Current Motors ...............................495 25.4 Generators and Alternators ........................496 25.5 Motor Maintenance ..................................498 Chapter 26 ■ Motor Controls ...............................................................................502 26.1 Basic Motor Controls ................................504 26.2 Fuses in Control Circuits ...........................504 26.3 Selecting Circuit Breakers and Fuses .........505 26.4 Input Devices ..........................................507 26.5 Motor Starters and Contactors ...................512 26.6 Output Devices and Symbols .....................519 Chapter 27 ■ Industrial Wiring Diagrams and Practices ........................................526 27.1 Electrical Diagrams ..................................528 27.2 National Electrical Code (NEC) ..................533 27.3 Wiring Standards .....................................534 27.4 Switchboards and Panelboards ..................536 27.5 Disconnecting Means ...............................537 27.6 Busways ..................................................537 27.7 Raceways ................................................538 27.8 Case Study: Industrial Wiring Practices ......538 Chapter 28 ■ Electrical Troubleshooting ..............................................................544 28.1 Observation .............................................546 28.2 Controls, Settings, and Adjustments ..........546 28.3 Sources of Energy ....................................550 28.4 Documentation ........................................550 28.5 Calling Technical Support .........................553 28.6 Digital Multimeter (DMM) .........................554 28.7 Troubleshooting Methodologies ..................557 ELECTRONIC CONTROL SYSTEMS Chapter 29 ■ Diodes, Rectifi ers, and Power Supplies ............................................564 29.1 Making DC from the AC Wall Outlet ...........566 29.2 Diodes ....................................................566 29.3 Full-Wave Rectifi cation .............................568 Chapter 30 ■ Transistors and Integrated Circuits ..................................................578 30.1 Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) ............580 30.2 Field-Effect Transistors (FETs) ...................584 30.3 Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) ...... 586 30.4 Linear Integrated Circuits .........................586 30.5 Digital Integrated Circuits .........................588 Chapter 31 ■ Sensors and Variable Frequency Drives ...........................................592 31.1 Sensors ...................................................594 31.2 Variable Frequency Drives .........................601 Chapter 32 ■ Programmable Logic Controllers ......................................................618 32.1 PLC Components and Wiring .....................620 32.2 Programming ...........................................631 32.3 Maintenance ...........................................635 Chapter 33 ■ Human-Machine Interfaces .............................................................644 33.1 Communication Networks .........................646 33.2 Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs) ............651