xii PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS Chapter 34 ■ Industrial Process Control ...............................................................662 34.1 Basics of Control Systems ........................664 34.2 Instrumentation .......................................669 34.3 Controllers ...............................................675 34.4 Calibration and Troubleshooting .................681 Chapter 35 ■ Heating and Refrigeration ...............................................................688 35.1 Heating and Cooling Concepts ...................690 35.2 Heating ...................................................694 35.3 Cooling ...................................................699 Chapter 36 ■ HVAC System Control and Design .....................................................710 36.1 HVAC Control Systems ..............................712 36.2 Overall System Design ..............................719 MAINTENANCE WELDING Chapter 37 ■ Welding Safety, Equipment, and Processes ......................................732 37.1 Welding Safety .........................................734 37.2 Basic Welding ..........................................738 37.3 Welding Symbols......................................740 37.4 Welding Equipment ..................................742 37.5 Maintenance Welding Processes ................746 Chapter 38 ■ Maintenance Welding Procedures and Inspection ............................754 38.1 Welding Codes and Specifi cations ..............756 38.2 Welding Variables ....................................756 38.3 Material Preparation .................................759 38.4 Performing Welding Processes ...................759 38.5 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) ..........759 38.6 Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) and Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) .................762 38.7 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) .............764 38.8 Weld Inspection .......................................765 38.9 Weld Defects and Corrective Action ............766 Chapter 39 ■ Cutting Procedures .........................................................................772 39.1 Oxyfuel Gas Cutting ..................................774 39.2 Plasma Arc Cutting ..................................780 MAINTENANCE PIPING Chapter 40 ■ Piping Systems, Components, and Materials ....................................786 40.1 General Safety .........................................788 40.2 Fluid Dynamics ........................................789 40.3 Piping Schematics ...................................792 40.4 Piping System Components .......................795 40.5 Piping and Tubing Materials ......................802 Chapter 41 ■ Piping Tools, Connections, and Fittings ............................................812 41.1 Pipe Work Safety ......................................814 41.2 Pipe Work Tools .......................................814 41.3 Connection Methods .................................821 41.4 Fittings ...................................................828 Appendix A: Math Review .................................................................................................................835 Appendix B: Reference Section .........................................................................................................855 Glossary ..........................................................................................................................................870 Index ..............................................................................................................................................896