viii To the Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii Chapter 1 Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology . . .2 Lesson 1.1 Introducing Anatomy and Physiology . . .4 Lesson 1.2 Basic Physiological Processes . . . . . . . .12 Lesson 1.3 How Forces Affect the Body . . . . . . . . .19 Lesson 1.4 Understanding Science . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Review and Assessment . . . . . . . . . . .34 Chapter 2 Cells and Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Lesson 2.1 Molecules of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Lesson 2.2 Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Lesson 2.3 Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Review and Assessment . . . . . . . . . . .82 Chapter 3 Membranes and the Integumentary System . . . . . .88 Lesson 3.1 Body Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 Lesson 3.2 The Integumentary System . . . . . . . . .93 Lesson 3.3 Injuries and Disorders of the Skin . . . . 101 Review and Assessment . . . . . . . . . . 116 Chapter 4 The Skeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 Lesson 4.1 Bone as a Living Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Lesson 4.2 The Axial Skeleton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Lesson 4.3 The Appendicular Skeleton . . . . . . . . 142 Lesson 4.4 Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Lesson 4.5 Common Injuries and Disorders of the Skeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Review and Assessment . . . . . . . . . . 166 Chapter 5 The Muscular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172 Lesson 5.1 Muscle Tissue Categories and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Lesson 5.2 Skeletal Muscle Actions . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Lesson 5.3 The Major Skeletal Muscles . . . . . . . . 189 Lesson 5.4 Common Muscle Injuries and Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Review and Assessment . . . . . . . . . . 210 Chapter 6 The Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216 Lesson 6.1 Overview of the Nervous System . . . . 218 Lesson 6.2 Transmission of Nerve Impulses . . . . . 224 Lesson 6.3 Functional Anatomy of the Central Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Lesson 6.4 Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Lesson 6.5 Injuries and Disorders of the Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Review and Assessment . . . . . . . . . . 256 Chapter 7 The Sensory Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262 Lesson 7.1 The Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Lesson 7.2 The Ear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Lesson 7.3 Smell and Taste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Review and Assessment . . . . . . . . . . 294 Chapter 8 The Endocrine System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298 Lesson 8.1 Functions and Control of the Endocrine System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Lesson 8.2 Major Endocrine Organs . . . . . . . . . . 307 Lesson 8.3 Endocrine Disorders and Diseases . . . . 320 Review and Assessment . . . . . . . . . . 332 Contents