xiv Journalism: Publishing Across Media Features Writers’ Workshop Writers’ Workshop Journalism Style Journalism Style Stylebooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Look It Up! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 How to Proofread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Composition Titles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Attribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Direct Quotations: Using What Your Sources Tell You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Paraphrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Brand Names and Trademarks: Do Not Say It Unless You Mean It! . . . 251 Names and Titles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Abbreviations and Acronyms . . . . . . . . . 313 Using Numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Plurals of Letters and Abbreviations . . . 383 Comma Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Using Commas to Set Off Introductory and Nonessential Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Possessives and Apostrophes . . . . . . . . . 481 Spelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 Oft-Confused Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 1.1: Observation and the Objective Point of View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 1.2: Observing, Writing and Rereading . . 30 1.3: Playing With Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.1: The “ing” That Describes . . . . . . . . . 58 2.2: Congratulations! It’s Triplets! . . . . . 59 3.1: The Power of Short . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 3.2: Shorten in the Middle . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 4.1: Put Your Writing on a To Be-Free Diet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 5.1: Finding the Right Lead . . . . . . . . . . 152 6.1: News Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 7.1: Avoiding Libel and Editorializing in Large Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 8.1: Hurrah for the One-Sentence Paragraph! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 9.1: Finding the Specifi c That Shows the General . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 9.2: When You Speak, You Reveal Yourself . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 10.1: Parallels for Clarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 10.2: Parallels for Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 11.1: A Lot Is a Place to Park Cars . . . . . 350 11.2: Let Me Count the Ways . . . . . . . . . 351 12.1: How Do They Do That? . . . . . . . . . 384 12.2: How Did the Op-Ed Writer Do That? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 13.1: Avoid Clichés Like the Plague . . . 414 13.2: The Hardest Part Comes Before You Write . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 14.1: Varying Sentence Length . . . . . . . . 444 15.1: Controlling Long Sentences . . . . . . 482 16.1: Using Comparisons for Clarity . . . 520 17.1: It’s Not Really Yours Until You Use It Four Times . . . . . . . . . . 562