446 Glossary
incontinence.
Involuntary urination or defecation. (12)
independent living community.
Housing for
older adults who can care for themselves, but desire
the community support of those who are of similar
age. (12)
Individualized Education Plan (IEP).
Educational plan tailored to the specific educational
goals of a child with special needs. (3)
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
(IDEA).
Federal law that governs how states
provide early intervention, special education, and
other services to children with disabilities. (3)
induced labor.
Labor that is hastened by medical
intervention rather than occurring naturally. (4)
inductive reasoning.
Making conclusions by
moving from detailed facts to general theory. (11)
industry versus inferiority.
Erikson’s stage when
children develop a sense of self-confidence by
displaying skill, without feelings of inadequacy. (8)
infancy.
The period from birth to the first birthday. (5)
infatuation.
An obsession with someone based on
appearance or ability. (10)
initiative versus guilt.
Erikson’s stage when young
children begin to be productive for themselves,
without feelings of blame or remorse. (7)
inoculations.
Substances that when given in liquid or
shot form, produce or boost immunity to a specific
disease such as measles or mumps. (6)
insomnia.
The inability to fall asleep or to sleep more
than a few hours at a time. (10)
integrity versus despair.
Erikson’s final socio-
emotional stage in which people either come to
terms with their life or fall into despair over failings
and unmet goals. (12)
interests.
Things a person enjoys learning about or
doing. (15)
internships.
Work-based learning programs at the
postsecondary level. (15)
interview.
A formal meeting between an employer
and a potential employee. (15)
intestate.
To die without a will. (12)
intimacy.
The self-disclosure and sharing of private
thoughts and emotions. (10)
intimacy versus isolation.
Erikson’s socio-
emotional stage for young adulthood in which he
theorized that if people do not establish intimate
relationships during young adulthood, they risk
isolation from others. (10)
intuition.
Perception or insight based on feelings. (7)
invincible.
Incapable of being defeated, conquered, or
having anything bad happen to oneself. (9)
iron.
A mineral that when taken prenatally reduces the
chance of babies being born at a low birthweight. (4)
J
jargon.
Content-specific language often used by
experts and professionals in their field of study. (11)
job application.
A document that contains
information about the qualifications and skills of a
person seeking employment with a company. (15)
job shadowing.
Observing a worker in his or her job
for a few hours or a day to get an idea about the job
or career field. (15)
joint custody.
Legal agreement in which both parents
provide care and make decisions for the child. (3)
junior high.
Includes grades 7 through 8 or 9. (16)
L
Lamaze method.
Natural childbirth method that
focuses on relaxation techniques, using a focal
point, and an emotional coach. (4)
Last Will and Testament.
A legal document that
gives explicit directions on how to divide a person’s
financial assets once he or she dies. (12)
leadership.
A quality that involves organizing,
guiding, and taking responsibility for a team. (15)
learning diversity.
Differences in learning based on
abilities or experiences. (8)
learning styles.
Methods of taking in and processing
information. (8)
lease.
A legally binding rental agreement. (14)
letter of application.
A written introduction to a
résumé that provides additional details about
why a person is qualified for a job. (15)
letter of recommendation.
A formal written letter
by a reference that outlines a person’s qualifications
to perform a job. (15)
liver spots.
Harmless age spots that are flat gray,
brown, or black, vary in size, and may appear on the
face, hands, shoulders, and arms. (12)
living will.
A legal document that informs family and
medical workers of preferences for being kept alive
by artificial means, or allows the decision to let them
pass, when there is no chance of recovery. (12)
longitudinal studies.
Method of data collection
used to observe the same individuals over a period
of time. (2)
long-term goals.
Major goals that may take months
or even years to achieve. (9)
low birthweight.
Babies that weigh less than
5.8 pounds at birth. (4)