128 Section 3 Selecting Appropriate Materials
than 400 wastes listed. Examples of listed hazardous
wastes are shown below:
• F-List Wastes. Hazardous waste from non-
specific sources such as solvent mixtures.
• K-List Wastes. Hazardous waste from spe-
cific sources such as certain manufacturing
operations.
• U- and P-List Wastes. Hazardous waste from
discarded commercial chemical products.
Off-spec species, container residues, and spill
residues.
• P-List Wastes. Hazardous wastes, even though
they may be properly managed, are so dangerous
that they are called acutely hazardous wastes.
A waste that is not on the hazardous waste lists might
still be considered hazardous if it demonstrates one
or more of the following characteristics:
• Corrosive. It corrodes metals or has a very high
or low pH. Chemicals in this class are: alkaline
cleaning fluids, battery acid, and rust removers.
• Ignitable. It catches fire under certain condi-
tions. Chemicals in this class are: degreasers,
paints, and solvents.
• Reactive. It is unstable and explodes or produces
toxic fumes, gases, and vapors when mixed with
water or under other conditions such as heat or
pressure. Chemicals in this class are: cyanides
or sulfide-bearing wastes.
• Toxic. It is harmful or fatal when ingested
or absorbed, or leaches toxic chemicals into
the soil or groundwater when disposed of on
land. Chemicals in this class are: wastes that
contain high concentrations of pesticides, cad-
mium, lead, or mercury. (Florida Department of
Environmental Protection)
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
established what is referred to as cradle to grave
responsibility for the material by manufacturers
generating hazardous materials. This means that
manufacturing firms are liable for their hazardous
materials once they take purchase of these materials,
and that they must know how and where their waste
is being transported, and how it is being disposed
of. The RCRA is now regulated by the Office of Solid
Wastes (OSW).
The RCRA classifies producers of hazardous
waste, referred to as waste generators, into three
categories:
• Conditionally Exempt. These are generators
that produce less than 220 pounds of hazardous
materials per month.
• Small-quantity Generators. Firms producing
between 220 and 2200 lb/month of hazardous
waste, no more than 2.2 lb/month of acutely haz-
ardous waste on the “P list,” and no more than
220 lb/month of waste from spills and cleanup
are in this category.
• Large-quantity Generators. These generators
produce over 2200 lb/month of hazardous
waste, and over 2.2 lb/month of acutely hazard-
ous waste.
The RCRA specifies how manufacturers must
store, treat, dispose of, and transport hazardous waste
materials. Small- and large-quantity generators must
first obtain an EPA identification number, EPA form
Notification of Hazardous Waste Activity to 8700-12,
initiate the process. After the firm obtains its identi-
fication number, they are only required to notify EPA
if there is a change in the materials generated.
Storage of materials by small- and large-quantity
generators is also regulated by the RCRA. Small-
quantity generators are permitted to store up to
13,200 pounds of waste for 180 days. Large-quantity
generators can store hazardous waste for only 90 days.
Transportation of hazardous materials by small-
and large-quantity generators requires a manifest, of
the materials being transported. A manifest is a “one-
page form used by haulers transporting waste that
lists EPA identification numbers, type and quantity
of waste, the generator it originated from, the trans-
porter that shipped it, and the storage or disposal
facility to which it is being shipped.” (Environmental
Protection Agency.) A manifest is completed using
EPA form 8700-22, requiring generators to list the
generator’s name, transporter’s name, and list of all
materials being transported. The manifest must also
provide a signed statement by the generator that they
are attempting to reduce hazardous waste genera-
tion, and a copy of the firm’s annual report providing
evidence of hazardous waste reduction.
Transportation of hazardous materials is also reg
ulated by the Hazardous Materials Transportation
Act (HMTA). The Department of Transportation
requires labels to be placed on all containers before
shipment. The label must provide the following
information: proper shipping name, the UN
(Universal) Hazard Code number for the material,
name of shipper, and the name of the receiver.
than 400 wastes listed. Examples of listed hazardous
wastes are shown below:
• F-List Wastes. Hazardous waste from non-
specific sources such as solvent mixtures.
• K-List Wastes. Hazardous waste from spe-
cific sources such as certain manufacturing
operations.
• U- and P-List Wastes. Hazardous waste from
discarded commercial chemical products.
Off-spec species, container residues, and spill
residues.
• P-List Wastes. Hazardous wastes, even though
they may be properly managed, are so dangerous
that they are called acutely hazardous wastes.
A waste that is not on the hazardous waste lists might
still be considered hazardous if it demonstrates one
or more of the following characteristics:
• Corrosive. It corrodes metals or has a very high
or low pH. Chemicals in this class are: alkaline
cleaning fluids, battery acid, and rust removers.
• Ignitable. It catches fire under certain condi-
tions. Chemicals in this class are: degreasers,
paints, and solvents.
• Reactive. It is unstable and explodes or produces
toxic fumes, gases, and vapors when mixed with
water or under other conditions such as heat or
pressure. Chemicals in this class are: cyanides
or sulfide-bearing wastes.
• Toxic. It is harmful or fatal when ingested
or absorbed, or leaches toxic chemicals into
the soil or groundwater when disposed of on
land. Chemicals in this class are: wastes that
contain high concentrations of pesticides, cad-
mium, lead, or mercury. (Florida Department of
Environmental Protection)
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
established what is referred to as cradle to grave
responsibility for the material by manufacturers
generating hazardous materials. This means that
manufacturing firms are liable for their hazardous
materials once they take purchase of these materials,
and that they must know how and where their waste
is being transported, and how it is being disposed
of. The RCRA is now regulated by the Office of Solid
Wastes (OSW).
The RCRA classifies producers of hazardous
waste, referred to as waste generators, into three
categories:
• Conditionally Exempt. These are generators
that produce less than 220 pounds of hazardous
materials per month.
• Small-quantity Generators. Firms producing
between 220 and 2200 lb/month of hazardous
waste, no more than 2.2 lb/month of acutely haz-
ardous waste on the “P list,” and no more than
220 lb/month of waste from spills and cleanup
are in this category.
• Large-quantity Generators. These generators
produce over 2200 lb/month of hazardous
waste, and over 2.2 lb/month of acutely hazard-
ous waste.
The RCRA specifies how manufacturers must
store, treat, dispose of, and transport hazardous waste
materials. Small- and large-quantity generators must
first obtain an EPA identification number, EPA form
Notification of Hazardous Waste Activity to 8700-12,
initiate the process. After the firm obtains its identi-
fication number, they are only required to notify EPA
if there is a change in the materials generated.
Storage of materials by small- and large-quantity
generators is also regulated by the RCRA. Small-
quantity generators are permitted to store up to
13,200 pounds of waste for 180 days. Large-quantity
generators can store hazardous waste for only 90 days.
Transportation of hazardous materials by small-
and large-quantity generators requires a manifest, of
the materials being transported. A manifest is a “one-
page form used by haulers transporting waste that
lists EPA identification numbers, type and quantity
of waste, the generator it originated from, the trans-
porter that shipped it, and the storage or disposal
facility to which it is being shipped.” (Environmental
Protection Agency.) A manifest is completed using
EPA form 8700-22, requiring generators to list the
generator’s name, transporter’s name, and list of all
materials being transported. The manifest must also
provide a signed statement by the generator that they
are attempting to reduce hazardous waste genera-
tion, and a copy of the firm’s annual report providing
evidence of hazardous waste reduction.
Transportation of hazardous materials is also reg
ulated by the Hazardous Materials Transportation
Act (HMTA). The Department of Transportation
requires labels to be placed on all containers before
shipment. The label must provide the following
information: proper shipping name, the UN
(Universal) Hazard Code number for the material,
name of shipper, and the name of the receiver.