Contents xi Unit 4–Chassis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Case Study 25–Unsprung Weight–Addition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164 Case Study 26–Service Intervals–Subtraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Case Study 27–Tire Size Aspect Ratio–Multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172 Case Study 28–Stopping Distance Factors–Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175 Case Study 29–Alignment Angles–Decimal Arithmetic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178 Case Study 30–Analyzing Tires–Greater Than and Less Than . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182 Case Study 31–Ride Height Measurements–Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187 Case Study 32–Linear Measurement–Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 Case Study 33–Brake Fluid Testing–Graphs and Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194 Case Study 34–Tire Diameter–Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199 Case Study 35–Disc Brake Micrometer–Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203 Case Study 36–Brake System–Analyzing Specifi cations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 Unit 5–Engine Mechanical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Case Study 37–Valve Overlap and Duration–Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Case Study 38–Camshaft Lobe–Subtraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215 Case Study 39–Rocker Arm Ratio–Multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Case Study 40–Compression Ratio–Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222 Case Study 41–Engine Block Calculations–Decimal Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226 Case Study 42–Piston Bore Clearance–Greater Than and Less Than . . . . . . . . . . .230 Case Study 43–Engine Parts–Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233 Case Study 44–Engine Size–Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236 Case Study 45–Cooling System–Graphs and Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239 Case Study 46–Engine Power and Effi ciency–Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244 Case Study 47–Cam and Crank Journal–Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248 Case Study 48–Cylinder Bore–Analyzing Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252 Unit 6–Electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Case Study 49–Voltage Drop–Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258 Case Study 50–Reference Voltage–Subtraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262 Case Study 51–Ohm’s Law Part 1–Multiplication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265 Case Study 52–Ohm’s Law Part 2–Division. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268 Case Study 53–Applying Ohm’s Law–Decimal Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271 Case Study 54–Wire Gage Sizes–Greater Than and Less Than . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275 Case Study 55–Wire Length–Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279 Case Study 56–Temperature–Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282 Case Study 57–Graphing Ohm’s Law–Graphs and Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286 Case Study 58–Electrical Circuit Resistance–Formulas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291 Case Study 59–Digital Multimeter–Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295 Case Study 60–Electrical System Specifi cations–Analyzing Specifi cations . . . . . .300 Unit 7–Engine Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Case Study 61–Electronic Throttle Controls–Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306 Case Study 62–Mass Airfl ow–Subtraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309